Steel & Structural Timber
182 sources in the library on steel & structural timber, 40 on this page cited in a published note. Each one says what the document covers and what it is good for. Name a source to see which document it is and where to read it. One at a time. Page 1 of 5.
- very strong RN-LI8GWT cited
Health and Safety Executive
HSE guidance on the Manual Handling Operations Regulations; it says employers must avoid hazardous manual handling so far as reasonably practicable and that the law sets no specific weight limits.
- very strong RN-MNOVHE cited
Health and Safety Executive
HSE guidance on temporary works, which is what propping and needling a wall before a steel beam goes in legally counts as. It requires temporary structures to withstand any foreseeable loads and be used only for the purposes for which they were designed, with regular inspection by a competent person. It lists propping for walls and floors and shoring for excavations as temporary works, and states that in all but the simplest situations a design including calculations will be needed, with independent verification for complex works. It sets out the Temporary Works Coordinator role: formally appointed, with the authority to stop unsatisfactory work, ensuring suitable designs are prepared, checked and correctly erected; on complex projects usually a chartered civil or structural engineer, while on simpler projects the main contractor may take the role with professional advice. It cites BS 5975-1:2024 (management procedures) and BS 5975-2:2024 (falsework design) as the applicable codes of practice.
Cited in Steel Beams (RSJ/UB/UC): Sizes, Grades & Cost, Structural Materials: The Complete Guide.
- very strong RN-Z31VW7 cited
LABC Warranty
The LABC Warranty technical standard for upper floors. Its particle board table allows 18 or 19 mm chipboard on supports up to 450 mm apart and requires 22 mm for 600 mm.
Cited in Floor & Roof Joist Sizes, Spans & Spacing, Raised Loft Boarding & Loft Legs: Why They Matter.
- very strong RN-Z6AXUW cited
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (GOV.UK)
The full Approved Document A PDF, which carries the deemed-to-satisfy tables a domestic project is checked against. Section 2E covers foundations of plain concrete: paragraph 2E3 gives the recommended minimum widths of strip foundations in Table 10, keyed to ground type and total load of loadbearing walling per linear metre. Table 10 sets, for rock (not inferior to sandstone, limestone or firm chalk, requiring at least a pneumatic or mechanically operated pick to excavate), a width equal to the width of the wall at every load. For medium dense gravel or sand (requires a pick to excavate, a 50mm square wooden peg hard to drive beyond 150mm) and for stiff clay or stiff sandy clay (can be indented slightly by the thumb), the minimum widths are 250mm at 20 kN per linear metre, 300mm at 30, 400mm at 40, 500mm at 50, 600mm at 60 and 650mm at 70. Firm clay and firm sandy clay (thumb makes an impression easily) start at 300mm. The document also covers minimum depth of strip foundations, wall thickness rules for residential buildings up to three storeys (paragraph 2C10 covers internal loadbearing walls in brickwork or blockwork), buttressing, lateral support by floors and at roof level, interruption of lateral support, wall cladding in Section 3, and Section 5 on reducing sensitivity to disproportionate collapse with the building consequence classes.
Cited in Adding an Ensuite: Cost, Layout & Plumbing, Annexe & Granny Flat: Cost, Planning & Rules, Bathroom Storage Solutions, Bricklaying Bonds & UK Brick Sizes and 48 more.
- very strong RN-3IM9B0 cited
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (GOV.UK)
The statutory guidance to Part A of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations 2010, 2013 edition (published 1 September 2013, ISBN 978 1 85946 508 0). It covers the loadings on a building and the construction of the structural elements including foundations, walls, floors, roofs and chimneys, and it is the document that carries the deemed-to-satisfy sizes for masonry wall thickness, strip foundation widths, lintel and beam bearings and lateral restraint. PDF attachment: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a80437640f0b623026927b2/BR_PDF_AD_A_2013.pdf (5.33 MB).
- very strong RN-Y19S87 cited
Office for Product Safety and Standards and Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government
Names the Office for Product Safety and Standards as the UK regulator for construction products and most consumer goods, a role it took on in April 2021, funded by and acting on behalf of MHCLG. Confirms the enforced legislation is the Construction Products Regulations 2013 as amended by the Construction Products (Amendment) Regulations 2022, which gave OPSS its enforcement powers. Records that the Grenfell Tower Inquiry final report was published on 4 September 2024, the Government response on 26 February 2025 accepting all 58 recommendations, and a Construction Products Reform White Paper on 25 February 2026 proposing reform of testing, certification, product information and enforcement. OPSS carries out product testing, site inspections and technical documentation reviews, responded to over 100 non-compliance allegations in 2023, and publishes construction product safety alerts, reports and recalls.
- very strong RN-M920CI cited
The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)
Article 4(1) of the retained Construction Products Regulation requires a manufacturer to draw up a declaration of performance when a product covered by a designated standard, or conforming to a UK Technical Assessment, is placed on the market. Article 4(2) makes the declaration the only permitted route for stating performance against essential characteristics, so a performance claim outside the declaration is not valid. Article 4(3) provides that by drawing up the declaration the manufacturer assumes responsibility for the product's conformity with the declared performance, and that in the absence of objective indications to the contrary the declaration is presumed accurate and reliable. The words designated standard and UK Technical Assessment were substituted for harmonised standard and European Technical Assessment on 31 December 2020 by the Construction Products (Amendment etc) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/465), Schedule 1 paragraph 6.
Cited in PIR vs Mineral Wool Insulation Compared.
- very strong RN-LY0JDI cited
The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)
SI 2003/1511. Regulation 5(1) prohibits the sale of a dangerous substance or preparation to a consumer. Regulation 6(1) prohibits the use of second-hand creosote-treated wood inside any building, in toys, in playgrounds, in parks, gardens and outdoor recreational and leisure facilities where there is a risk of frequent skin contact, in the manufacture of garden furniture, and in containers or packaging for food or animal feed. The restrictions do not apply to wood already in use before the Regulations took effect. This is the precise authority for what a reader may and may not do with reclaimed creosoted railway sleepers in a garden, and is more accurate than the common shorthand that creosote is simply banned.
Cited in Garden & Retaining Walls: Cost & Build.
- strong RN-JEF2QV cited
BSI
the fire design code for timber structures, which is where the charring rate and the reduced cross-section method come from
- strong RN-T0PRVQ cited
BSI
BSI catalogue page for BS EN 1996-1-1. It confirms the standard is Eurocode 6, the general rules for designing masonry structures.
- strong RN-TBEPGB cited
BSI
BSI's summary of the current BS EN 845-2:2013+A1:2016: prefabricated lintels up to 4.5 m span, and not applicable to lintels completely made on site.
Cited in Structural Materials: The Complete Guide.
- strong RN-YA3KJC cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: WITHDRAWN on 1 July 2007. BS 3921:1985 was published 29 November 1985 and was the British product specification for clay bricks, including the familiar classes such as engineering brick Class A and Class B and the frost resistance and soluble salt designations that UK brick notes still repeat. It was superseded by the harmonised European product standard BS EN 771-1, Specification for masonry units. Clay masonry units, after which BS EN 771-1 became the sole product standard for clay bricks in the UK; the associated test methods moved to the BS EN 772 series. Any note that specifies bricks to BS 3921 is naming a standard withdrawn nearly twenty years ago and should cite BS EN 771-1 instead. The catalogue page confirms number, title, publication date and withdrawal date but does not name the superseding standard.
Cited in Structural Materials: The Complete Guide.
- strong RN-QWYQ8T cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT. BS 4978:2007+A2:2017 was published 30 November 2017 and is the live edition, superseding BS 4978:2007+A1:2011, BS 4978:2007 and the older BS 4978:1988 Specification for softwood grades for structural use. It specifies the methodology for visual strength grading of softwood for structural use and sets the permissible limits of characteristics (knots, slope of grain, fissures, wane, distortion, rate of growth) for two visual grades: GS (General Structural) and SS (Special Structural). These are grades, not strength classes: the strength class a graded piece maps to (C16, C24 and so on) depends on species and is assigned via BS EN 1912 and BS EN 338, so a note saying a timber is graded C24 to BS 4978 is conflating the two. The catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status and grades; the limit tables are paywalled.
Cited in Reclamation Yards & Salvage: Buying Reclaimed Materials, Roof Battens & Counter-Battens: Sizes & Grading, Structural Materials: The Complete Guide, Timber Merchants: What They Stock & How to Buy.
- strong RN-604BXB cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: WITHDRAWN on 21 September 2018. BS 5080-1:1993 was published 15 February 1993 and gave the method of test for tensile loading of structural fixings in concrete and masonry, that is the pull out test used to prove wall anchors, remedial wall ties and similar fastenings on site. Its companion BS 5080-2:1986 covered resistance to loading in shear. Because it is withdrawn, a note that specifies pull out testing of remedial wall ties to BS 5080 is quoting a dead standard; current practice for anchor qualification sits with the European Assessment Documents and BS EN 1992-4:2018, Eurocode 2 design of fastenings for use in concrete, with site proof loading commonly to a manufacturer or third party protocol. Catalogue page confirms number, title, publication date, withdrawal date and scope but does not name a replacement.
- strong RN-6UNXU6 cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: WITHDRAWN on 24 November 2009. BS 5268-2:2002 was published 14 March 2002 and amended in December 2007 to align with CEN material standards, then withdrawn. It was the permissible stress code of practice for structural timber, glued laminated timber, plywood and other panel products in load bearing members, covering quality, grade stresses, modification factors, nailed, screwed, bolted and glued joints, testing of structural assemblies, and workmanship, treatment, inspection and maintenance. It was superseded by Eurocode 5, BS EN 1995-1-1, which uses limit state design and characteristic values rather than permissible stresses, so any note quoting BS 5268 joist spans or grade stresses is quoting a dead standard and should be corrected to BS EN 1995-1-1 (with the current edition BS EN 1995-1-1:2025 superseding BS EN 1995-1-1:2004+A2:2014). The catalogue page confirms number, title, publication date and the withdrawal date but does not name the superseding standard.
- strong RN-YM2ENG cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT. BS 5756:2007+A2:2017 was published 30 November 2017, the same date as the matching amendment to BS 4978 for softwood, and supersedes BS 5756:2007+A1:2011 and BS 5756:2007. It specifies a method of grading temperate hardwood visually for structural use in the United Kingdom and names four grades in two categories: for large size timber, Heavy Structural Temperate Hardwood THA and THB, and for smaller sections, General Structural Temperate Hardwood TH1 and TH2. This is the standard to cite for a structural oak beam or an oak frame, the hardwood counterpart to BS 4978 for softwood, with the grade to strength class mapping again made through BS EN 1912 and BS EN 338 (green oak commonly reaching D24 or D30). Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status, scope and the four grade names; the limit tables are paywalled.
- strong RN-1YSDSK cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT. BS 8417:2024 published 15 August 2024, superseding BS 8417:2011+A1:2014. Gives recommendations and guidance for the preservative treatment of wood to provide protection against biodeterioration in end-use situations. Covers solid wood and glued laminated wood (Glulam); excludes wood-based panel products, physically or biologically modified wood, and curative treatments. It takes into account the natural durability and treatability of the wood, the use class as defined in BS EN 335, and the desired service life, and recommends penetration and retention levels for different timber components. This is the source of the Use Class 2 / Use Class 4 language on treated batten and fence post labelling, and of the stated desired service lives (30 or 60 years) manufacturers quote. Treatment certificates quoting BS 8417:2011 predate the 2024 rewrite.
Cited in Dry Rot vs Wet Rot: Identify & Treat, Fencing Cost & Types: A UK Guide, Padstones, Bearings & Wall Plates Explained, Roof Battens & Counter-Battens: Sizes & Grading and 1 more.
- strong RN-FMD1BX cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: WITHDRAWN on 31 January 2014. BS EN 1194:1999 was published 15 September 1999 and gave the strength classes for glued laminated timber and the method of determining its characteristic values, covering bending, tensile and compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and density. It is the origin of the GL24, GL28 and GL32 class names, and it has been replaced by BS EN 14080, Timber structures. Glued laminated timber and glued solid timber. Requirements, which now carries both the product requirements and the strength classes. A note specifying a glulam beam to BS EN 1194 is quoting a standard withdrawn in 2014 and should cite BS EN 14080; note also that the class designations changed with the move, with homogeneous and combined layups distinguished as GL28h and GL28c. Catalogue page confirms number, title, publication date, withdrawal date and scope but does not name the replacement.
Cited in Structural Materials: The Complete Guide.
- strong RN-TXD8LA cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT, and it is the replacement for the withdrawn BS EN 519. BS EN 14081-1:2016+A1:2019 was published 31 August 2019, ISBN 978 0 539 06 228 1, and supersedes BS EN 14081-1:2016. It sets the requirements for strength graded structural timber of rectangular cross section produced by sawing, planing or similar, covering BOTH visually and machine graded timber, and it gives the test methods, the Assessment and Verification of Constancy of Performance and the marking rules, which is what makes a C16 or C24 stamp on a joist meaningful. It excludes fire retardant treated timber, thermally or chemically modified timber and structural finger jointed timber. Parts 2 and 3 add machine grading type testing and factory production control. Cite this with BS 4978 (visual grading rules), BS EN 338 (strength classes) and BS EN 1912 (assignment of grade and species to class). Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status, supersession and scope.
Cited in Builders' Merchant vs DIY Store: Which Is Cheaper?, Reclamation Yards & Salvage: Buying Reclaimed Materials, Structural Materials: The Complete Guide, Suspended Timber Floors: Joists, Boards & Ventilation and 1 more.
- strong RN-B6U1Z6 cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT but time limited. BS EN 1992-1-1:2004+A1:2014 (originally published 23 December 2004) is Eurocode 2, the limit state design code for plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete structures in normal and lightweight aggregate concrete, with specific rules for buildings; it works alongside BS EN 1990 for the basis of design and must be read with the UK National Annex, NA+A2:2014. It superseded ENV 1992-1-1, 1992-1-3, 1992-1-4, 1992-1-5, 1992-1-6 and 1992-3. It does NOT cover plain reinforcement, structural fire design (that is BS EN 1992-1-2), bridges, dams or offshore structures. Important for dating a note: the second generation Eurocode BS EN 1992-1-1:2023 has been published, and BSI will withdraw the UK adoptions of the first generation Eurocodes on 30 March 2028, so any note relying on the 2004+A1:2014 edition has a known expiry date. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status, supersessions and scope; the design rules are paywalled.
Cited in Rebar & Steel Mesh: Sizes, Grades & When You Need Them.
- strong RN-DJJNP5 cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT (marked Under Review). BS EN 350:2016 was published 31 October 2016, identical to EN 350:2016, ISBN 978 0 580 87895 4, committee B/515. It replaced the two part BS EN 350-1:1994 (principles of testing and classification of natural durability) and BS EN 350-2:1994 (natural durability and treatability of selected European wood species), so a note citing BS EN 350-1 or BS EN 350-2 is citing superseded parts. It gives the methods for determining and classifying the durability of wood and wood based materials against biological wood destroying agents: wood decay fungi, beetles, termites and marine organisms, and it applies to individual wood species, batches, and processed materials including heat treated, preservative treated and modified wood. This is the standard behind the durability class rating quoted for cladding and decking species such as western red cedar, oak and larch. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status and scope; the species tables are paywalled.
- strong RN-6RE0OY cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT. BS EN 772-1:2011+A1:2015 (base edition published 31 May 2011, ISBN 978 0 580 84584 0, identical to EN 772-1:2011+A1:2015) supersedes BS EN 772-1:2000 and is part one of the BS EN 772 test series for masonry units. It specifies specimen preparation and conditioning and the compression test method used to determine the compressive strength of bricks and blocks, the figure quoted in N/mm2 that decides whether a unit is suitable for a given structural application. It is the test standard that sits behind the product specifications in the BS EN 771 series (BS EN 771-1 clay units, BS EN 771-3 aggregate concrete units, BS EN 771-4 autoclaved aerated concrete), and it replaced the strength testing formerly given inside the withdrawn British product standards such as BS 3921 for clay bricks. Other parts of the series cover dimensions (BS EN 772-16) and bending tensile strength. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status and scope; the method is paywalled.
- strong RN-R76O44 cited
BSI (BSI Knowledge catalogue)
The span-table code that tells you whether the joists already in your loft can take a floor, and it is the standard a building control officer will reach for. Published 30 November 2009, current, replacing BS 8103-3:1996. It gives recommendations for the sizes of timber elements, fixings and their connections with masonry walls, floors and roofs for detached, semi-detached and terraced houses and flats of not more than three storeys above ground. Its stated limits of application include: joists and rafters at centres not exceeding 600 mm; maximum clear span of any floor joist or flat roof joist 6.0 m; maximum clear span of a pitched roof 12.0 m imposing not more than 12 kN per metre run on the perimeter walls; roof area not more than 200 square metres on plan; no part of wall or roof higher than 15 m above lowest adjacent ground. It contains a clause on spans, sizes and spacings for solid timber members, notching, drilling and end-trimming, plus normative Annex A on maximum moisture content at time of fixing and Annex I on fixing of flooring. Proprietary systems, timber frame and steel or concrete frames are outside its scope.
Cited in Structural Materials: The Complete Guide, Suspended Timber Floors: Joists, Boards & Ventilation.
- strong RN-YMY1GK cited
BSI (BSI Knowledge catalogue)
Dated 31 January 2014, this sets the performance requirements for glued laminated timber (glulam), glued solid timber, glulam with large finger joints and block glued glulam for use in buildings and bridges, together with minimum production requirements and the provisions for evaluation and attestation of conformity and marking. It applies to glulam made from the coniferous species listed in the standard or poplar, consisting of two or more laminations with a thickness from 6 mm up to and including 45 mm, and notes that glulam from specific hardwood species may be possible. This is the standard behind GL24h and similar glulam grade markings.
Cited in Glulam & LVL: Engineered Timber Beams Explained, Structural Materials: The Complete Guide.
- strong RN-Q46UPM cited
BSI (BSI Knowledge catalogue)
ISBN 0 580 45088 0, dated 15 December 2004 and identical to EN 14374:2004. This is the requirements standard for structural laminated veneer lumber (LVL), the engineered timber beam product sold under trade names such as Kerto, and it sits alongside BS EN 14080 for glulam. Its catalogue descriptors cover laminates, veneer, sawn timber, structural timber, wood products and structural systems, under ICS codes 79.080 (semi-manufactures of timber) and 91.080.20 (timber structures), committee B/518. It is the standard an LVL beam is CE or UKCA marked against.
- strong RN-928IC7 cited
BSI (BSI Knowledge catalogue)
Dated 15 December 2004 with amendment A2 in 2014, this is the timber design Eurocode that UK joist and rafter span tables are calculated from. Its scope gives general design rules for timber structures with specific rules for buildings, arranged as Section 1 General, 2 Basis of design, 3 Material properties, 4 Durability, 5 Basis of structural analysis, 6 Ultimate limit states, 7 Serviceability limit states, 8 Connections with metal fasteners, 9 Components and assemblies and 10 Structural detailing and control. It is used with EN 1990 (basis of design) and EN 1991 (actions on structures), and it does not cover the design of structures subject to prolonged exposure at elevated temperatures.
Cited in Brick Slips & Brick Cladding Systems, Chipboard, OSB & Plywood Flooring Compared, Floor & Roof Joist Sizes, Spans & Spacing, Roof Window Sizes Explained (Velux Codes).
- strong RN-KN61DN cited
BSI Knowledge
BS EN 1912:2024, published 31 May 2024, status current on the BSI catalogue (withdrawnAt: not-withdrawn, validity: current). It is the missing link between a visual grade stamp and a strength class: clause 1 states that the standard lists the visual strength grades, species and sources of timber and specifies the strength classes to which they are assigned, as documented in EN 338, with clause 6 being the assignments to strength classes. It supersedes BS EN 1912:2012 (published 31 August 2012, withdrawn 30 May 2024), which in turn superseded BS EN 1912:2004+A4:2010; the species and source lists change between editions, so a note quoting a grade-to-class mapping needs the 2024 edition. Use it alongside BS 4978 (GS and SS grades) and BS EN 338 (what C16 and C24 mean); the marking itself is made under BS EN 14081-1.
- good RN-JNBZUF cited
Mineral Products Association
The MPA describes itself as the trade association for the aggregates, asphalt, cement, concrete, dimension stone, lime, mortar and industrial sand industries, and states it represents 100% of GB cement and lime production and around 90% of GB aggregates production. Its members are producers and manufacturers, not installation contractors, and it operates no vetting scheme or searchable directory of paving or groundwork contractors that a homeowner could check. Useful as the correction to any note that tells a reader to check a paving or driveway contractor is registered with the MPA: that is a category error, and the installer-side bodies are BALI and the block paving associations instead.
- good RN-N1AZXN cited
SCI and BCSA (steelconstruction.info)
Breaks down what a steel frame actually costs, which is the corrective a homeowner cost note needs. Raw material is only 30 to 40 per cent of total frame cost, fabrication is another 30 to 40 per cent and erection is typically 10 to 15 per cent, so the belief that the minimum tonnage frame is the cheapest is a misconception because most of the cost is labour in fabrication and installation. A rate per tonne should include raw materials, fabrication, construction, fire protection, engineering and transport, and simple rate per tonne figures need adjusting for long span beams, hollow sections, cantilevers and irregular grids. Steel quantity varies with building type: industrial sheds average about 40 kg per square metre of gross internal floor area against about 90 kg per square metre for city centre offices. Access and congested city sites lengthen programmes and raise installation cost. As at Q3 2025 the page cites tender price inflation forecast at 3 per cent from Q4 2023 to Q4 2024 with labour rates rising over 5 per cent a year.
Cited in Structural Materials: The Complete Guide.
- good RN-9GR88V cited
SCI and BCSA (steelconstruction.info)
Describes the hot rolled open sections used in UK construction: universal beams (UB), universal columns (UC), parallel flange channels (PFC), equal and unequal angles, and circular, square and rectangular structural hollow sections. Sections are designated by a serial size (nominal section depth and flange width) plus a weight per metre, which is why a beam is quoted as, for example, 203 x 133 x 25 UB. Dimensions for UB, UC and PFC are given in BS EN 10365, angles in BS EN 10056, and design and detailing dimensions in SCI publication P363 (the Blue Book). Hot rolled open sections are produced in lengths up to about 25 m, and S355 is the grade most commonly used in construction.
- good RN-9MOKVJ cited
SCI and BCSA (steelconstruction.info)
Gives the design values for the two structural steel grades used in UK housing work, to BS EN 10025-2. S275: yield strength 275 N/mm2 up to 16 mm thick, 265 N/mm2 for 16 to 40 mm, 255 N/mm2 for 40 to 63 mm and 245 N/mm2 for 63 to 80 mm, with tensile strength 410 N/mm2 up to 16 mm. S355: 355 N/mm2 up to 16 mm, 345 N/mm2 for 16 to 40 mm, 335 N/mm2 for 40 to 63 mm and 325 N/mm2 for 63 to 80 mm, tensile 470 N/mm2 up to 16 mm. Yield strength falls as thickness rises. Subgrades are set by Charpy impact toughness: JR is 27J at 20 degrees C, J0 is 27J at 0 degrees C, J2 is 27J at minus 20 degrees C and K2 is 40J at minus 20 degrees C. Modulus of elasticity 210,000 N/mm2, shear modulus 81,000 N/mm2, Poissons ratio 0.3.
Cited in Steel Beams (RSJ/UB/UC): Sizes, Grades & Cost, Structural Materials: The Complete Guide.
- good RN-2G86BS cited
SCI and BCSA (steelconstruction.info)
The Blue Book, SCI publication P363, is the standard UK source of steel section property data and member resistance tables used to select a beam or column quickly. It covers hot rolled open sections (beams, columns, channels and angles) and hollow sections, plus resistance data for bolts and welds. The latest printed edition gives resistances for grades S275 and S355, while the interactive online version extends to S460 for open sections and further grades for hollow sections. The current edition tables comply with the UK version of Eurocode 3 parts 1-1, 1-5 and 1-8 with their UK National Annexes, and the interactive version also carries design information to the superseded BS 5950. This is where a stated capacity for, say, a 203 x 133 x 25 UB comes from.
- good RN-X763EP cited
Structural Timber Association
A Structural Timber Association article on the design and commercial case for timber frame. It settles that timber frame projects become weathertight sooner than masonry ones.
Cited in Timber Frame vs Masonry (Brick & Block) Construction.
- good RN-IP8VOZ cited
Structural Timber Association
The STA's guide to mortgages for timber homes: lenders set building-fabric criteria such as cladding, and a 10-year structural warranty gives valuers greater confidence.
Cited in Timber Frame vs Masonry (Brick & Block) Construction.
- good RN-CS1388 cited
Structural Timber Association
The Structural Timber Association's announcement of its commercial viability guide. It settles the trade body's figure of a 6 to 10 week shorter period to make a house weathertight.
Cited in Timber Frame vs Masonry (Brick & Block) Construction.
- good RN-VZF58I cited
Structural Timber Association
The Structural Timber Association definition and figures for timber frame. Timber frame relies on a factory manufactured timber frame as the means of structural support, carrying the loads imposed by the floors and roofs before transmitting them to the foundations, so the outer brick skin is a cladding rather than the structure. Market figures: timber frame is about 23 per cent of new UK home builds and about 85 per cent of the Scottish housing market. Open panel systems comprise studs, rails, sheathing on one face and a breather membrane, achieving U-values from 0.26 down to 0.15 W/m2K. Closed panel systems comprise studs, rails and insulation with sheathings or linings on the faces, achieving U-values from 0.25 down to 0.10 W/m2K, and can include pre-fitted windows and service zone battens. Offsite manufacture is cited as reducing build programmes.
Cited in Timber Frame vs Masonry (Brick & Block) Construction.
- good RN-CV5OHA cited
The Steel Construction Institute
SCI Advisory Desk note reproducing the horizontal line loads from Table NA.8 of the UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-1:2002, which is the table Approved Document K points to for guarding and barrier loading. Category A, areas for domestic and residential activities: (i) all areas within or serving exclusively one dwelling including stairs, landings etc, characteristic horizontal load qx = 0.36 kN/m; (ii) residential areas not covered by (i), 0.74 kN/m. States these values replace those in Table 6.12 of BS EN 1991-1-1:2002 and should be treated as leading or accompanying variable actions combined per BS EN 1990 expression 6.10 or 6.10a/6.10b. The clean readable source for the single most misquoted number in domestic balustrade notes: 0.74 kN/m belongs to flats and communal areas, not to a house.
- fair RN-JPI9DF cited
Centre for Wood Science and Technology, Edinburgh Napier University
An Edinburgh Napier University timber research post listing, for each softwood species and origin used for tiling battens, the strength class that GS visual grading gives under EN 1912:2012 and EN 338:2016: C14 for British-grown spruce and pine, C16 for European redwood and whitewood.
- fair RN-39XVZ5 cited
COFORD, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine
An Irish government forestry research information sheet on the strength grading of structural timber: visual grading to GS and SS, and the EN 338 strength classes assigned to Irish and British spruce (C14 and C18) and to imported European whitewood (C16 and C24).
- fair RN-5694VC cited
COFORD, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine
A government-funded Eurocode 5 design handbook. Table D.3 gives the service classes: moisture content up to 12% in class 1, 12 to 20% in class 2 and over 20% in class 3.