Foundations & Groundworks
134 sources in the library on foundations & groundworks, 40 on this page cited in a published note. Each one says what the document covers and what it is good for. Name a source to see which document it is and where to read it. One at a time. Page 1 of 4.
- very strong RN-A60YKU cited
Department for Communities (Northern Ireland), Historic Environment Division
Government conservation guidance on repointing historic masonry, which recommends lime mortars, advises avoiding cement, and says mortar should be weaker than the stone around it.
Cited in Cement Types Explained: OPC, Rapid-Set, SR & Masonry.
- very strong RN-91Z38W cited
Department for Communities and Local Government
Government guidance for householders on paving front gardens. Its construction section describes about 150 mm of compacted sub-base over a geotextile for a driveway.
Cited in Driveway Cost & Materials: Block Paving, Resin & Gravel, Hardcore, MOT Type 1 & Sub-base Materials Explained, New Driveway Checklist.
- very strong RN-UC5QHF cited
LABC
LABC's guidance on radon under the Building Regulations. It gives basic protection in the 3 to 10% bands as a barrier continuous across the cavity, and says a well-sealed 1200-gauge DPM will likely suffice.
Cited in Damp Proof Membranes (DPM) & DPC: Types & Installation.
- very strong RN-32LZZK cited
LABC Warranty
The ground-floors chapter of the LABC Warranty technical manual, a new-home warranty standard. It expects a DPM beneath ground-supported slabs, of at least 1200 gauge, lapped 300 mm and linked to the DPC.
Cited in Damp Proof Membranes (DPM) & DPC: Types & Installation.
- very strong RN-3SXGDU cited
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government
The GOV.UK page for Approved Document C, published 3 September 2013, ISBN 978 1 85946 509 7, covering site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture, with a separate FAQ document (ISBN 978-1-4098-4805-9). Since April 2023 the Building Safety Regulator has a duty under the Building Safety Act 2022 to keep building safety and standards in England under review, including advising on Approved Document updates. The linked PDF gives the figures a damp note needs: paragraph 5.5 says a wall meets the requirement if it has a damp-proof course of bituminous material, polyethylene, engineering bricks or slates in cement mortar, or any other material that prevents the passage of moisture, continuous with any damp-proof membrane in the floors; for an external wall the damp-proof course should be at least 150mm above the level of the adjoining ground; and for an external cavity wall the cavity should be taken down at least 225mm below the lowest damp-proof course, or a damp-proof tray provided, with weep holes every 900mm and stop ends plus at least two weep holes where the tray does not run the full length. Paragraph 5.6 accepts the alternative of BS 8215 clauses 4 and 5 for damp-proof course design and installation, and BS 8102 for protection against water from the ground.
Cited in EPS vs XPS Insulation: Which & Where.
- very strong RN-Z6AXUW cited
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (GOV.UK)
The full Approved Document A PDF, which carries the deemed-to-satisfy tables a domestic project is checked against. Section 2E covers foundations of plain concrete: paragraph 2E3 gives the recommended minimum widths of strip foundations in Table 10, keyed to ground type and total load of loadbearing walling per linear metre. Table 10 sets, for rock (not inferior to sandstone, limestone or firm chalk, requiring at least a pneumatic or mechanically operated pick to excavate), a width equal to the width of the wall at every load. For medium dense gravel or sand (requires a pick to excavate, a 50mm square wooden peg hard to drive beyond 150mm) and for stiff clay or stiff sandy clay (can be indented slightly by the thumb), the minimum widths are 250mm at 20 kN per linear metre, 300mm at 30, 400mm at 40, 500mm at 50, 600mm at 60 and 650mm at 70. Firm clay and firm sandy clay (thumb makes an impression easily) start at 300mm. The document also covers minimum depth of strip foundations, wall thickness rules for residential buildings up to three storeys (paragraph 2C10 covers internal loadbearing walls in brickwork or blockwork), buttressing, lateral support by floors and at roof level, interruption of lateral support, wall cladding in Section 3, and Section 5 on reducing sensitivity to disproportionate collapse with the building consequence classes.
Cited in Adding an Ensuite: Cost, Layout & Plumbing, Annexe & Granny Flat: Cost, Planning & Rules, Bathroom Storage Solutions, Bricklaying Bonds & UK Brick Sizes and 48 more.
- very strong RN-3IM9B0 cited
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (GOV.UK)
The statutory guidance to Part A of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations 2010, 2013 edition (published 1 September 2013, ISBN 978 1 85946 508 0). It covers the loadings on a building and the construction of the structural elements including foundations, walls, floors, roofs and chimneys, and it is the document that carries the deemed-to-satisfy sizes for masonry wall thickness, strip foundation widths, lintel and beam bearings and lateral restraint. PDF attachment: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a80437640f0b623026927b2/BR_PDF_AD_A_2013.pdf (5.33 MB).
- very strong RN-2BAKGJ cited
National Highways (Standards for Highways)
This is the specification that the term MOT Type 1 actually comes from: Clause 803 of Series 800 of the Specification for Highway Works. Clause 803.1 states Type 1 unbound mixture shall be made from crushed rock, crushed slag, crushed concrete, recycled aggregates, manufactured aggregates or well burnt non-plastic shale, and may contain up to 10 per cent by mass of natural sand passing the 4 mm test sieve, with crushed gravel permitted only where contract Appendix 7/1 allows. Clause 803.2 requires the mixture to meet BS EN 13285 and Table 8/1, with grading summarised in Table 8/6a, which sets 100 per cent passing 63 mm, 75 to 99 per cent passing 31.5 mm, 43 to 81 per cent passing 16 mm, 23 to 66 per cent passing 8 mm, 12 to 53 per cent passing 4 mm, 6 to 42 per cent passing 2 mm, 3 to 32 per cent passing 1 mm and 0 to 9 per cent passing 0.063 mm. Table 8/6b applies only to trench reinstatements and narrow widenings less than 1 m. Note this PDF is the November 2021 revision and carries a superseded watermark, so quote the clause and revision date together.
Cited in Aggregate, Sand & Landscaping Suppliers Explained, Hardcore, MOT Type 1 & Sub-base Materials Explained, How to Lay a Patio.
- very strong RN-5QBSUB cited
UK Health Security Agency (UKradon)
The UKHSA radon mapping service, the authority for whether a property sits in a radon Affected Area and therefore whether radon protection measures are needed under Approved Document C. UKHSA has published reports containing radon Affected Area maps for the whole of the United Kingdom, most recently updated on 22 October 2025 when the Isle of Man was added. On the interactive map the darker the colour the greater the chance of a higher radon level, ranging from fewer than one home in a hundred in the white areas to greater than one in three in the darkest areas. The page carries an important caveat: the map should not be used for basements, cellars or underground sites, which need separate consideration whatever the mapped band.
Cited in Beam & Block vs Concrete Slab Ground Floors, Damp Proof Membranes (DPM) & DPC: Types & Installation.
- strong RN-7VYP28 cited
BSI
BSI's listing for BS 4483:2025, current and published 27 March 2025, covering factory-made machine-welded steel fabric; it settles that BS 4483 was revised, not withdrawn.
Cited in Rebar & Steel Mesh: Sizes, Grades & When You Need Them, Structural Materials: The Complete Guide.
- strong RN-YR2URM cited
BSI
the standard a bar bending schedule is drawn up to, including the shape codes it uses
Cited in Rebar & Steel Mesh: Sizes, Grades & When You Need Them.
- strong RN-LOZAWU cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT, and unusually for a 1984 standard the BSI catalogue page shows no withdrawal date. BS 6515:1984 was published 28 September 1984 and specifies polyethylene sheet used as a damp proof course in masonry, covering material composition, specimen preparation, permeability measurement and the test procedures for the impermeable sheet. It is the product standard behind the black polythene DPC roll sold by every builders merchant, and it sits alongside BS 8215:1991, the code of practice for design and installation of damp proof courses in masonry construction, and BS 6576 for chemical DPCs in existing walls. Note the distinction a note should keep: BS 6515 is a damp proof COURSE in a wall, not a damp proof MEMBRANE under a floor slab, which is a different product covered by BS 8102 and the gas and moisture membrane standards. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status and scope; requirements are paywalled.
Cited in Builders' Merchants Explained: How They Work & How to Buy, Damp Proof Membranes (DPM) & DPC: Types & Installation.
- strong RN-NIFJ8S cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT. BS 8485:2015+A1:2019 was published 31 January 2019 and supersedes BS 8485:2015, which is withdrawn. It gives recommendations on ground gas site characterisation, risk assessment and the choice and design of integral gas protective measures to stop methane and carbon dioxide entering new buildings and to provide a safe internal environment, for designers, regulators and constructors. The A1:2019 revision added more detail on interpreting gas monitoring data and assigning the gas screening value, defined four building types with amended gas protection scores for the characteristic situations, added recommendations for reporting protection measures at design, installation and post construction verification stages, and added worked examples. It does NOT cover other hazardous ground gases (radon is separate, under BRE guidance and Approved Document C) nor methane and carbon dioxide arising from the building's intended use. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status and scope; the scoring tables are paywalled.
Cited in Damp Proof Membranes (DPM) & DPC: Types & Installation.
- strong RN-DP7TIT cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT (marked Under Review). BS EN 13242:2002+A1:2007 was published 12 December 2002 and was amended in May 2008 to incorporate CEN amendment A1:2007. It specifies the properties required of aggregates obtained from natural, manufactured or recycled materials for use in unbound and hydraulically bound materials in civil engineering work and road construction, covering grading, particle shape, resistance to fragmentation, resistance to wear, and chemical and durability requirements. This is the standard behind MOT Type 1 and Type 3 sub base and the recycled equivalents used under a driveway or patio: a note specifying a compacted granular sub base should cite BS EN 13242 for the aggregate and the Specification for Highway Works Series 800 for the Type 1 grading itself. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, amendment, status and scope; the property tables are paywalled.
Cited in Hardcore, MOT Type 1 & Sub-base Materials Explained.
- strong RN-02VRB9 cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT (marked Under Review). BS EN 13670:2009 was published 28 February 2010, is identical to EN 13670:2009 and sits under ICS 91.080.40. It specifies the execution (workmanship) requirements for concrete structures in buildings and other engineering works, covering falsework and formwork, reinforcement and prestressing, concreting, curing, inspection and permitted geometric tolerances, for reinforced, prestressed and precast concrete. It is the site counterpart to design under BS EN 1992-1-1 and to the concrete specification standards BS EN 206 and BS 8500, so a note describing how a slab or foundation should actually be placed and cured should cite BS EN 13670 rather than the design code. It replaced the execution content previously carried in the withdrawn BS 8110. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status and scope; the tolerance tables are paywalled.
Cited in Rebar & Steel Mesh: Sizes, Grades & When You Need Them.
- strong RN-B6U1Z6 cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT but time limited. BS EN 1992-1-1:2004+A1:2014 (originally published 23 December 2004) is Eurocode 2, the limit state design code for plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete structures in normal and lightweight aggregate concrete, with specific rules for buildings; it works alongside BS EN 1990 for the basis of design and must be read with the UK National Annex, NA+A2:2014. It superseded ENV 1992-1-1, 1992-1-3, 1992-1-4, 1992-1-5, 1992-1-6 and 1992-3. It does NOT cover plain reinforcement, structural fire design (that is BS EN 1992-1-2), bridges, dams or offshore structures. Important for dating a note: the second generation Eurocode BS EN 1992-1-1:2023 has been published, and BSI will withdraw the UK adoptions of the first generation Eurocodes on 30 March 2028, so any note relying on the 2004+A1:2014 edition has a known expiry date. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status, supersessions and scope; the design rules are paywalled.
Cited in Rebar & Steel Mesh: Sizes, Grades & When You Need Them.
- strong RN-XS4XXQ cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT (marked Under Review). BS EN 413-1:2011 was published 30 June 2011 and supersedes BS EN 413-1:2004, which is withdrawn. It defines the composition and specifications of masonry cement, the cement made specifically for mortar for bricklaying, blocklaying, rendering and plastering, which contains air entraining additives to improve workability and frost resistance after hydration. It sets physical, mechanical and chemical requirements, defines strength classes (the 2011 edition introduced the air entrained class MC 22.5) and gives the conformity criteria. This is the standard to cite when a note distinguishes masonry cement from ordinary Portland cement to BS EN 197-1: they are different products with different standards, and masonry cement should not be dosed with extra plasticiser as if it were OPC. Part 2 (BS EN 413-2:2016) gives the test methods. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status and scope; requirements tables are paywalled.
Cited in Cement Types Explained: OPC, Rapid-Set, SR & Masonry.
- strong RN-6RE0OY cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT. BS EN 772-1:2011+A1:2015 (base edition published 31 May 2011, ISBN 978 0 580 84584 0, identical to EN 772-1:2011+A1:2015) supersedes BS EN 772-1:2000 and is part one of the BS EN 772 test series for masonry units. It specifies specimen preparation and conditioning and the compression test method used to determine the compressive strength of bricks and blocks, the figure quoted in N/mm2 that decides whether a unit is suitable for a given structural application. It is the test standard that sits behind the product specifications in the BS EN 771 series (BS EN 771-1 clay units, BS EN 771-3 aggregate concrete units, BS EN 771-4 autoclaved aerated concrete), and it replaced the strength testing formerly given inside the withdrawn British product standards such as BS 3921 for clay bricks. Other parts of the series cover dimensions (BS EN 772-16) and bending tensile strength. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status and scope; the method is paywalled.
- strong RN-3B3DX9 cited
BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT, and it is the replacement for a standard the notes still cite. BS EN ISO 16535:2019 was published 31 July 2019 and expressly supersedes BS EN 12087:2013, which is WITHDRAWN. It specifies the equipment and procedure for determining the long term water absorption of thermal insulating products, giving two methods: method 1 partial immersion and method 2 total immersion. This is the test behind the WL(T) declared value used to compare rigid boards for below ground, inverted roof and perimeter use, which is why extruded polystyrene (XPS) is specified below damp proof level rather than expanded polystyrene or unfaced PIR. Any note citing BS EN 12087 for water absorption of insulation should be corrected to BS EN ISO 16535. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status, the supersession of BS EN 12087:2013 and the two methods; the procedure detail is paywalled.
Cited in EPS vs XPS Insulation: Which & Where.
- strong RN-T7FK3M cited
BSI (BSI Knowledge catalogue)
Dated 1 January 2006 with amendment A3 in 2016, this specifies requirements for ribbed weldable reinforcing steel for concrete structures, delivered as bar, coil or decoiled product. It provides for three steel grades, all with a characteristic yield strength of 500 MPa but differing in ductility: B500A, B500B and B500C. This is the source for why UK rebar is labelled B500B and what that designation guarantees. Weldability for all grades is specified through chemical composition, in particular the carbon equivalent value. Steel produced by re-rolling finished products, or by rolling material whose metallurgical history is not fully documented or known, is expressly not covered by the standard.
Cited in Rebar & Steel Mesh: Sizes, Grades & When You Need Them, Structural Materials: The Complete Guide.
- strong RN-EU4DHI cited
BSI (BSI Knowledge catalogue)
Dated 28 February 1991, this contains recommendations for the selection, design and installation of damp proof courses in both solid and cavity masonry construction, and is the code behind DPC practice referenced alongside Approved Document C. Its scope notes mark the boundaries clearly: BS 8215 does not cover waterproofing of underground structures such as basements where water is under hydrostatic pressure (see BS 8102), does not deal with the installation of chemical DPCs (see BS 6576), does not cover control of condensation (see BS 5250) and does not cover surface treatment of masonry with water repellents (see BS 6477). Those cross references are useful for a note that needs to say which standard governs which damp problem.
Cited in Builders' Merchants Explained: How They Work & How to Buy, Cavity Wall Insulation Materials Compared, Efflorescence & White Staining on Brick, Wall Insulation Materials: Cavity, Internal & External.
- strong RN-GVL3ME cited
BSI (BSI Knowledge catalogue)
The standard that defines what the cement types mean, dated 28 February 2019 for the current version of the 2011 standard. Its scope defines and specifies 27 distinct common cements, 7 sulfate resisting common cements, 3 distinct low early strength blast furnace cements and 2 sulfate resisting low early strength blast furnace cements, together with their constituents. Each cement definition includes the proportions in which the constituents are combined and the requirements those constituents must meet, across a range of nine strength classes. This is the authority for CEM I being Portland cement and for the CEM II to CEM V families, and for the 32,5, 42,5 and 52,5 strength class numbers with their N and R early strength suffixes that appear on a UK cement bag.
Cited in Cement Types Explained: OPC, Rapid-Set, SR & Masonry.
- strong RN-R25BHU cited
LABC Warranty (MD Insurance Services Limited)
Warranty provider technical requirements for foundations, covering mass fill, strip, piles, raft, engineered fill, vibratory ground improvement, and trees and clay. Key figures: all foundations must bear onto virgin stable subsoil with a minimum depth of 450mm from finished ground level to underside to avoid frost action; mass fill foundations must be a minimum 600mm wide for external walls, reducing to 450mm for single leaf internal walls up to 150mm thick, with a 150mm projection each side and the foundation centred under the wall; concrete filling to the cavity is kept a minimum 225mm below DPC. Low rise structures are designed so maximum settlement does not exceed 25mm, with a design limit for maximum tilt of 1/500. In cohesive soils with trees present: heave protection is required where foundation depth exceeds 1.5m, short bored piles with ground beams are recommended beyond 2m, and depths beyond 2.5m are outside the online foundation depth calculator and must be a piled engineered solution designed by a chartered structural engineer. Foundations must also be below the invert level of any adjacent drain or sewer.
Cited in Foundation Types & Materials: Strip, Trench-Fill & Raft.
- good RN-H3ZL3L cited
The Concrete Centre
The Concrete Centre's concise Eurocode 2 guide, whose Table 3.3 gives BS 4449 reinforcement properties by class: 500 MPa yield, k at least 1.08 and 5.0% strain for class B.
Cited in Rebar & Steel Mesh: Sizes, Grades & When You Need Them.
- good RN-4VMJAR cited
The Concrete Centre
The Concrete Centre's Eurocode 2 FAQ on cover: the deviation allowance, usually 10 mm, is added to the minimum cover to give the nominal cover.
Cited in Rebar & Steel Mesh: Sizes, Grades & When You Need Them.
- good RN-NXO6K7 cited
The Concrete Centre
The Concrete Centre's summary of UK reinforcement standards, noting that the 2005 revision of BS 4449 omitted grade 250 (plain round) reinforcement.
Cited in Rebar & Steel Mesh: Sizes, Grades & When You Need Them.
- good RN-6AG77Y cited
The Concrete Centre (Mineral Products Association)
Explains how concrete is specified in the UK to BS 8500:2023, which has two parts: BS 8500-1:2023 sets out five ways to specify concrete (designated, designed, prescribed, standardized prescribed and proprietary) and BS 8500-2:2023 sets the requirements on the concrete producer for constituent materials and production. The November 2023 revision expanded lower carbon options by adopting the multi-component cements of BS EN 197-5:2021, allowing up to 65 per cent of the CEM I to be substituted with two or more additions. On durability it removed the minimum cement content and maximum water to cement ratio limiting values for carbonation induced corrosion, and for chloride exposure classes XD and XS it kept minimum strength requirements but removed the cement content and water to cement ratio limits. Durability of ternary combinations is now handled through a Combined Performance Category using chloride diffusion ratings 1 to 4 and sulfate resistance ratings A to G. Names GEN, RC and FND as the designated concrete families.
Cited in Structural Materials: The Complete Guide.
- good RN-W51E54 cited
The Concrete Society
The Concrete Society's note on cover in the ground, quoting the UK National Annex to Eurocode 2 clause 4.4.1.3: at least 40 mm against blinding and 75 mm directly against soil.
Cited in Rebar & Steel Mesh: Sizes, Grades & When You Need Them.
- good RN-07ATIG cited
The Concrete Society
The Concrete Society's history of reinforcement symbols: Grade 460 (T) under BS 8666:2000, replaced by B500A, B500B and B500C (H) under BS 8666:2005.
Cited in Rebar & Steel Mesh: Sizes, Grades & When You Need Them.
- fair RN-VI6AGO cited
Thames Water
Sets the trigger distances: an application is likely to be needed if you are building within 3 metres of a public sewer, or within 1 metre of the point where the pipe serving only your property crosses the boundary and becomes a public lateral drain. States plainly that planning permission does not grant permission to build over a sewer or drain, and that work should not start before the agreement is in place because the design may have to change. For a wholly new property, including a car port or shed not attached to the house, Thames Water requires the sewer to be diverted rather than built over. Liability for damage caused to sewers or drains during construction rests with the property owner. Asset maps can be viewed free of charge by appointment at Clearwater Court, Vastern Road, Reading RG1 8DB, or bought from utility search companies or the Property Searches department.
Cited in Building Over or Near a Sewer: Build-Over Agreements.
- fair RN-ITUBEV cited
Thames Water
Thames Water's homeowner build-over process, with its published 2026 fee scale and timescales. Three classes by sewer internal diameter: Class 1 £130 (175mm or less), Class 2 £490 (176mm to 350mm), Class 3 £585 (over 350mm) plus additional legal costs starting at £1,000. Class 1 and Class 2 agreements are usually issued within 21 days of receipt of all required information; Class 3 involves legal contracts and the full process can take more than 3 to 6 months. Class 2 fees include pre- and post-construction CCTV surveys; Class 3 adds two surveys by an approved contractor plus impact assessments. Applicants on disability benefit get a £130 discount on proof of entitlement (DWP letter or Blue Badge). Retrospective applications are accepted but need a CCTV or on-site survey to prove no damage, and may be refused if the pipework was not protected to specification. Self-service sewer diversion is offered where the internal diameter is 150mm or less, with a refundable £2,000 cash deposit returned after satisfactory post-construction inspection. Every application needs a location plan, an existing and proposed drainage layout showing manholes and flow direction, and a sectional drawing of the foundations against the sewer with invert levels; piling foundations need a piling method statement and raft foundations need structural calculations.
Cited in Building Over or Near a Sewer: Build-Over Agreements.
- supplier figure RN-MQRE5L cited
Builder Depot
A builders' merchant product page for a 4 m x 25 m roll of 1200-gauge polythene DPM. It gives £41.28 including VAT, or £0.41 per m².
Cited in Damp Proof Membranes (DPM) & DPC: Types & Installation.
- supplier figure RN-J2JR6I cited
Builder Depot
A builders' merchant product page for a 3 m length of 12 mm high tensile rebar, priced at £5.10 including VAT for small quantities; at 0.888 kg per metre that is about £1.91 per kg.
Cited in Rebar & Steel Mesh: Sizes, Grades & When You Need Them.
- supplier figure RN-S4QBJZ cited
Builder Depot
A builders' merchant product page for Breedon's bagged sulfate-resisting cement, stating that it is classified CEM III/A 52,5 L rather than a CEM I-SR cement.
Cited in Cement Types Explained: OPC, Rapid-Set, SR & Masonry.
- supplier figure RN-6U09SP cited
Builder Depot
A London builders' merchant's product page for a 40 kg bag of MOT Type 1 sub-base at £4.98 including VAT, about £124.50 a tonne, showing small bags are stocked but cost far more per tonne.
Cited in Hardcore, MOT Type 1 & Sub-base Materials Explained.
- supplier figure RN-6VHDJF cited
Cemex UK
Cemex UK's delivery page giving its 4 and 6 cubic metre mixer truck as 3.5 m wide, 3.7 m high, 7.4 m long and 18 tonnes, and asking for safe access.
Cited in Concrete Grades C20–C40: Foundations & Slabs Explained.
- supplier figure RN-33C4C0 cited
Collins Reinforcements
A reinforcement fabricator's reproduction of the BS 8666:2020 shape code notes, which give 6 m and 12 m as typical stock lengths.
Cited in Rebar & Steel Mesh: Sizes, Grades & When You Need Them.
- supplier figure RN-IY0N5H cited
Forward Builders Supplies
A builders' merchant product page for a 25 kg bag of Blue Circle Extra Rapid Cement priced at £18.82 including VAT, which backs the corrected rapid-hardening cement row.
Cited in Cement Types Explained: OPC, Rapid-Set, SR & Masonry.
- supplier figure RN-G36EWH cited
Lemon Reinforcement
A reinforcement supplier's BS 4483 mesh chart giving pitch, wire size, steel area per metre and mass for A142 to A393; it confirms the designation equals the area in mm² per metre.
Cited in Rebar & Steel Mesh: Sizes, Grades & When You Need Them.
- supplier figure RN-FKPO76 cited
Plasmor
Plascon dense aggregate block. Strengths 7.3 N/mm2 and 10.4 N/mm2, both at a dry density of 1900 kg/m3. Thermal conductivity K 1.13 W/mK at both strengths, which is roughly ten times the lambda of an aircrete block and the reason dense blocks are kept out of the insulated leaf. Sizes 100 mm and 140 mm in both strengths, solid. Work size 440 x width x 215 mm, coordinating 450 x width x 225 mm. Pack coverage 7.2 m2 at 100 mm and 4.8 m2 at 140 mm.