References

Heating, Energy & Eco

398 sources in the library on heating, energy & eco. Each one says what the document covers and what it is good for. Name a source to see which document it is and where to read it. One at a time. Page 8 of 10.

1. fair RN-I3ZJRS

   Cardiff University, Welsh School of Architecture

   Five years of five-minute-interval monitoring of the SOLCER House, built 2015, the first affordable energy positive house in the UK. Measured results: total annual electricity imported from the grid 1,112 kWh against 1,458 kWh exported, an overall energy-positive performance of 346 kWh; the house exports 1.3 times more electricity than it consumes and imports about 25 per cent of its energy from the grid, mainly for heating in colder months; net carbon emissions around minus 179 kg per year; savings of up to £1,000 a year on energy bills. Build data a self-builder can use: 100 sq m, three bedrooms, built for £1,200 per sq m using locally sourced materials where possible. Design moves: photovoltaic panels form the south-facing roof and replace roof tiles, and a solar air heating system forms the first-floor external wall finish instead of render, so the generating technology substitutes for cladding rather than adding to it. Published in Energies, 2021. The work led the Welsh Government to invest £91 million in grants, producing over 1,400 affordable low carbon homes.

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2. fair RN-OHFXOV

   Citizens Advice

   Maps the complaint route by who arranged the work. Where the householder arranged it, normal consumer protections apply and the installer is chased first; if agreement fails and the installer is registered with MCS or TrustMark, both government recognised quality schemes, the complaint escalates through that scheme. Grounds listed include the measure not performing as promised, causing damp, or costing more than quoted. Where a social or private landlord arranged it, the defect is a repair and the landlord's repairing duty applies, with escalation through the landlord's complaints process. For shared ownership, freeholder or managing agent arranged work, the free source of advice is the Leasehold Advisory Service on 0207 832 2500, Monday to Friday 9am to 4:15pm.

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3. fair RN-0N2RA0

   Citizens Advice

   Consumer facing cost and suitability check for heat pumps. Gives 2024 average installed costs of around £13,000 for an air source heat pump and around £31,000 for a ground source heat pump, and the Boiler Upgrade Scheme grants of £7,500 towards an air to water heat pump, rising to £9,000 where the home is off the gas grid and heated by oil or LPG, and £2,500 towards an air to air heat pump. Advises obtaining at least 3 quotes, and covers the practical prerequisites: insulation and draughtproofing first, radiator sizing, hot water cylinder space and outdoor unit siting.

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4. fair RN-CT9FGQ

   Citizens Advice

   How to choose and pay an energy efficiency installer. Get quotes from at least 3 different installers to compare cost and specification. An MCS registered installer is mandatory to claim the Boiler Upgrade Scheme, and also to use the Smart Export Guarantee, the scheme that pays for exported generation. On payment, the key rule stated is never to agree a deposit of more than 25% up front. Also directs to TrustMark for scheme backed work and covers what to check before signing.

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5. fair RN-UZ41AG

   Citizens Advice

   Eligibility screen for the main England energy efficiency grants. The Warm Homes: Local Grant is aimed at households with an income usually below £36,000 a year before tax; owner occupiers need an EPC of D, E, F or G, private renters need E, F or G, and a home with no EPC can still qualify if it plainly needs insulation or better heating. Where a private rented home is EPC F or G the tenant can only be helped if the landlord has registered a minimum standard exemption. For ECO the page lists income caps that rise with household size, from £19,900 a year for a single adult with no children up to £42,000 for larger households, and notes that owing an energy supplier money for at least 13 weeks, or having taken emergency credit in the last 13 weeks, can itself open a route in.

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6. fair RN-MOC6JC

   Citizens Advice

   Fault finding and rights for a domestic gas boiler. The checks before calling anyone: hot water set to at least 50 degrees C at the boiler, boiler flow temperature at least 65 degrees C, cylinder thermostat at least 60 degrees C, and the hot water programme timed to come on 1 to 2 hours before it is needed. On rights, a boiler bought within the last 6 years supports a claim against the seller or installer, and a fault within the first 6 months is presumed to have been there at installation so is far easier to prove. Repairs and replacement must be done by a Gas Safe registered engineer.

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7. fair RN-7XXA1B

   Citizens Advice

   Order of works and tenure rules for energy efficiency improvements. A private tenant must ask the landlord to fix heating, since the landlord must keep plumbing and heating in working order, and must get the landlord's permission before making improvements. A landlord is not required to improve a home registered as exempt from the minimum energy efficiency standard, which can be checked on GOV.UK, but even an exempt home must still be repaired and kept warm enough. Where a surveyor's report is too expensive, the fallback is at least 3 quotes from different home improvement traders so the recommended insulation types and prices can be compared.

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8. fair RN-B0M8W5

   Citizens Advice

   What it costs and takes to move a meter during building work. Moving the meter a short distance on the same wall is arranged with the energy supplier; moving it further, or moving the supply itself, has to go through the local electricity or gas network operator, which usually charges at least £400 and can charge over £1,000 depending on the work. Appointments are normally within working hours, meaning roughly 9am to 5pm, in a time slot of 2 to 4 hours. If the supplier misses the appointment or fails to give proper notice, it must pay £40 compensation within 10 working days, and a further £40 if that payment is late.

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9. fair RN-W3C1L8

   CO-Gas Safety

   Carbon monoxide risk figures from the charity. UK residents spend around 90% of their time indoors, and the most important avoidable indoor contaminants are the products of combustion. Less than 2% CO in air can kill or maim in between one and three minutes. Extrapolating from university research in 2006 and 2011, more than 3 million people are exposed to levels above 50 parts per million of CO in their UK homes, against a WHO 24 hour guideline of 6 ppm, and known deaths and injuries cost the UK taxpayer £178 million a year. States that a CO alarm must meet EN50291 and that such an alarm should not cost more than £20. Also sets out what to do after suspected exposure, including allowing the Gas Emergency Service to isolate appliances.

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10. fair RN-FUREBB

    Energy Ombudsman

    Confirms the Ombudsman can review disputes with electricity and gas network operators over loss of service, or a problem with a connection or a repair, which is the route for a renovation held up by a new or altered supply. Lists the electricity distribution network operators signed up to the scheme, including Eastern Power Networks, Electricity North West, London Power Networks, Northern Powergrid (Northeast), Northern Powergrid (Yorkshire), Scottish Hydro Electric Power Distribution, South Eastern Power Networks and Southern Electric Power Distribution. The operator has 8 weeks to resolve the issue unless it issues a deadlock letter allowing earlier escalation.

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11. fair RN-HUMCU5

    Energy Ombudsman

    The timetable of an energy dispute. The supplier gets 8 weeks to resolve a complaint; the consumer can escalate sooner only if a final decision or deadlock letter arrives. Escalation must happen within 12 months of the deadlock letter. Once registered, if Facilitated Complaints Resolution is not offered or not accepted, the consumer has up to 14 days to supply supporting evidence. A decision normally follows within 6 weeks, longer for complex cases. The Ombudsman decides on the evidence, the law, relevant regulation and accepted good industry practice, and a typical financial award ranges between £50 and £100. Once the consumer accepts, the decision is legally binding on the supplier, which has 28 days to implement the remedies, after which the consumer may pursue the matter in court. The service is free to the consumer. Advises recording complaint dates, call reference numbers and proof of posting.

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12. fair RN-S02RP7

    Energy Saving Trust

    How to read and obtain an EPC. Certificates are valid for 10 years from the date of issue. Checkatrade pricing accurate as of November 2025 puts an EPC at £65 to £120. A property being sold or let must have one, and the fixed penalty charge for failing to provide one is £200. Walks through the certificate layout using a 2023 Scottish example, noting older certificates carry most of the same information in a different order. Last updated 8 May 2026.

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13. fair RN-5QU93S

    Energy Saving Trust

    Practical domestic ventilation rules. Internal doors need a 10mm gap between the bottom of the door and the top of the carpet or flooring so air circulates. Extractor fans should be run, or a window left open, for around 15 minutes after showering, bathing or cooking. Trickle vents should be kept open all year round including in winter, and reopened promptly if they are ever shut to keep cold air out. Ventilation matters as much in winter as in summer.

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14. fair RN-INHUMS

    Energy Saving Trust

    Water use figures for a UK home. Ofwat puts average personal use at around 150 litres a day. A UK Government report puts hot water at around 18% of a household's heat demand. Swapping an inefficient shower head for a water efficient one saves a typical home £65 a year in Great Britain and £25 in Northern Ireland across combined heating and water bills. Consumer Council for Water figures put a running tap at around nine litres a minute, and it takes just 95 seconds of a typical running tap to use as much water as filling a washing up bowl. A dripping tap wastes thousands of litres a year, so washers should be changed promptly. Last updated 19 June 2026.

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15. fair RN-VL002T

    Energy Saving Trust

    Cheap heat loss fixes with the payback attached. A hot water cylinder jacket costs about £30 in Great Britain and £30 in Northern Ireland and is a straightforward DIY fit. An existing jacket should be at least 80mm thick, and adding an 80mm British Standard jacket over a tank with only 25mm of built in foam saves £45 a year in GB and £35 in NI, more than the jacket costs. Insulating exposed indoor hot water pipes saves around £6 a year in both GB and NI. Savings are stated on January 2024 fuel prices for a typical three bedroom semi detached house, gas heated in GB and oil heated in NI.

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16. fair RN-LYRGT5

    Energy Saving Trust

    The new plug in solar category, legal to use in Great Britain since 27 August 2026 where the device meets the relevant standards, with Northern Ireland pending regulation. UK compliant devices are capped at a maximum output of around 800W, which EST's research puts at around 700 kWh a year. A compliant system costs from around £450 installed, against around £7,600 for an average rooftop array. Savings are around £100 a year for a household at home all day and around £70 for one out during the day. The modelling assumptions are stated: an 800W system in Manchester, south facing at 30 degrees from horizontal with no shading, 2,500 kWh annual household electricity use, which is Ofgem's typical domestic consumption value, and electricity at 24.7p per kWh. Individual panels are typically 400 to 500W. Last updated 2 September 2026.

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17. fair RN-X0H4VV

    Energy Saving Trust

    Gives the installed rate for the two underfloor heating types: a dry electric system £50 to £85 per m2, and a wet water based system £85 to £110 per m2. Covers the trade off between them, the need for floor build up and insulation beneath, and suitability with a heat pump because of the low flow temperature. Last updated 2 October 2025.

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18. fair RN-Q7QAUV

    HomeOwners Alliance

    Costed menu of efficiency measures. EPC £60 to £120 by property size. Loft insulation about £900 for a three bedroom semi, £1,100 detached, £1,200 detached bungalow per Energy Saving Trust, needing between 12cm and 30cm of thickness in most homes. PVC windows about £4,250 for a typical semi, roughly £325 per window, against about £15,000 for hardwood, roughly £1,500 per timber sash, with double glazing saving around £95 a year and requiring a FENSA accredited installer because building regulations apply to any window replacement. Cavity wall insulation about £22 to £26 per m2 for polyurethane foam or £13 to £18 per m2 for glass wool, averaging £725 for a detached house and £370 for a mid terrace. Internal wall insulation about £7,500 for a three bedroom semi saving around £210 a year, at a cost of about 10cm of lost floor depth. External wall insulation around £100 per m2, from £8,000 for a small flat to £22,000 for a large detached house. Solid concrete floor insulation £950 to £2,200 per room; suspended timber floor insulation £300 to £750 per room, saving about £50 a year or up to £85 in a detached house. Air source heat pump £3,000 to £18,000, ground source £13,000 to £35,000. Solar panels £2,500 to £8,000, with OVO estimating a 3.5kW array in southern England returns around £300 in year one.

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19. fair RN-2R9FZY

    Leeds Beckett University

    Two new European Standards for measuring aggregate heat loss from housing were published in 2024 and adopted in 34 countries, led by Professor David Johnston at Leeds Beckett with Professor Richard Fitton at the University of Salford. The standards are built on the Coheating Test developed at Leeds Beckett and, crucially, apply to new and existing real homes rather than laboratory test cells, so the thermal performance of housing can be measured and compared consistently across countries. The work took a decade. This is the standardisation behind the EN 17887 series used by Salford's Energy House Labs.

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20. fair RN-WK9XK3

    Leeds Beckett University, Centre for the Built Environment

    Tests the industry rule of thumb that background infiltration equals the blower-door result divided by twenty (n50/20, or q50/20 in the UK). Background ventilation rates in four new-build UK dwellings were measured directly by tracer-gas decay and compared with the pressurisation method using the conventional divide-by-twenty rule and Sherman's modified rule which accounts for building-related factors. The conventional rule over-estimated the air change rate in two dwellings and under-estimated it in the other two; the modified rule matched in two and significantly under-estimated in the other two. The conclusion is that the rule of thumb can produce significant errors in estimating infiltration, which in turn corrupts predicted in-use energy and CO2 emissions and can lead to ventilation strategies giving either unacceptable indoor air quality or unnecessary energy use, and that appropriate UK climate and building correction factors have yet to be devised. Johnston and Stafford, Indoor and Built Environment, 2016.

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21. fair RN-1H6AUM

    Leeds Beckett University, Leeds Sustainability Institute

    88 side-by-side fan pressurisation and low-pressure pulse airtightness measurements in existing dwellings of differing age, size, form and construction. Results: across the sample the mean airtightness reported by the two methods differed by only 2 per cent, but for individual homes the difference ranged from minus 84 per cent to plus 67 per cent, so the two tests can give wildly different answers on any one house even though they agree on average. Regulatory context stated: UK Building Regulations set a maximum airtightness of 8 m3/m2/h at 50 Pa for new dwellings, reducing to 5 m3/m2/h at 50 Pa or less in 2025 with the Future Homes and Buildings Standard; compliance is demonstrated by fan pressurisation or the newer low-pressure pulse test as set out in CIBSE TM23:2022. There is no maximum airtightness requirement when refurbishing an existing dwelling, though both methods are being used to inform retrofit, and existing homes have more varied and complex leakage paths than new build.

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22. fair RN-Z9ZEG1

    Leeds Beckett University, Leeds Sustainability Institute

    Review of measured in-use indoor air quality in more than 600 Passive House or PH-like newly built or retrofitted dwellings (Rojas, Fletcher, Johnston and Siddall, Energy and Buildings 306, 2024). Findings: pollutant and CO2 concentrations are generally lower than in naturally ventilated homes, attributed to the required balanced MVHR system, and the quality assurance of PH certification measurably improves ventilation and IAQ performance. The paper adopts CO2 up to 1400 ppm as the indicator of acceptable ventilation from a health perspective, assuming low-emitting materials, and notes typical steady-state figures of 1350 to 1800 ppm for standard occupancy assumptions. Numbers a specifier can use: PH ventilation criteria require MVHR heat recovery efficiency above 75 per cent, specific fan power including controls below 0.45 Wh/m3, supply and extract air flows balanced to within 10 per cent, and internal leakage of the MVHR unit limited to under 3 per cent. Filter grade moved to ePM1(50 per cent) or better in November 2018. The named weakness of the standard is the lack of a cooking fume capture requirement, combined with efforts to avoid the energy losses of extraction.

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23. fair RN-Q0N9LY

    Leeds Beckett University, Leeds Sustainability Institute

    The research that changed Building Regulations on party walls. Leeds Sustainability Institute produced the empirical evidence that the cavity between party walls separating adjoining properties was responsible for a significant, previously unrecognised, heat loss, and that this bypass accounted for part of the discrepancy between predicted and measured heat loss in new dwellings. That heat loss mechanism is now formally recognised and developers must insulate walls between adjoining properties; previously heat could escape through and between party walls to the external environment. Context given: energy consumption in homes is responsible for around 15 per cent of UK carbon emissions. Underpinning paper: Lowe, Wingfield, Bell and Bell (2007), Evidence for heat losses via party wall cavities in masonry construction, Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 28(2), 161-181.

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24. fair RN-UYYMUJ

    Leeds Beckett University, Leeds Sustainability Institute

    37 pressurisation and co-pressurisation tests on attached UK homes, measuring how much of the measured leakage is actually air moving between neighbouring dwellings rather than to outside. On average 21 per cent of the air leakage measured by a fan pressurisation test was inter-dwelling rather than inside-to-outside, meaning attached homes are more airtight than the test says. Consequences: not accounting for this risks under-ventilation and misclassifying homes as suitable for natural ventilation. When the measured airtightness replaced the EPC default for 11 case study homes the energy efficiency rating improved, showing EPC default airtightness values were over-estimating air leakage, and using the co-pressurisation value gained a further rating point; the improvements equated to reductions of 5 per cent in predicted annual carbon emissions, 8 per cent in space heating demand and 3 per cent in fuel bills. The paper concludes the elevated pressures of the test itself create leakage paths not present in normal use, which affects the accuracy of fan pressurisation in attached homes and its use for regulatory compliance, ventilation decisions and energy models.

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25. fair RN-MZ1HY9

    Leeds Beckett University, Leeds Sustainability Institute

    Coheating test results from 25 new build dwellings built to Part L1A 2006 or better, the study that put a number on the fabric performance gap. The mean measured whole building U-value was just over 1.6 times greater than predicted, and for individual dwellings the gap between measured and predicted fabric performance could exceed 100 per cent, varying with dwelling form and construction type. Context: dwellings account for just under 30 per cent of the UK's total CO2 emissions, against a national target of an 80 per cent cut by 2050 on 1990 levels; around 80 to 85 per cent of the dwellings that will be in use in 2050 already exist. The practical implication for a homeowner is that a design SAP figure or an EPC is a prediction, not a measurement, and a real house can lose over half as much heat again as the paperwork says.

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26. fair RN-SXETCQ

    Leeds Beckett University, Leeds Sustainability Institute

    Measured the improvement from insulating a suspended timber ground floor two different ways and found the answer depends on the method. Aggregate whole-house measurement gave a U-value improvement of 0.55 W/m2K; disaggregated spot heat flux density measurements on the floor gave 0.89 W/m2K for the same retrofit. The conclusion is that disaggregated spot measurements may over-estimate the benefit of fabric retrofits and that aggregate methods are the more appropriate evaluation tool, which is directly relevant to any quoted saving derived from a spot heat flux reading. The paper also concludes that Energy Performance Certificates are unlikely to give a reliable estimate of energy savings because they rely on default assumptions for fabric U-values and ventilation rates, with consequences both for policy evaluation and for householders who may be excluded from financial support on the strength of an EPC figure.

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27. fair RN-JSWD0V

    Leeds Beckett University, Leeds Sustainability Institute

    The method statement for the coheating test, which is how whole-house heat loss is actually measured rather than modelled. The dwelling is left unoccupied and heated electrically by portable point heaters to a mean elevated internal temperature, typically 25 C, held over a number of days, with data collected 24 hours a day; a test typically runs for 1 to 4 weeks once the dwelling is heat saturated. Daily heat input in Watts is plotted against the temperature difference between inside and outside, and the slope of that plot gives the raw uncorrected heat loss coefficient in W/K, which combines fabric heat loss and background ventilation loss. It is a quasi-steady state aggregate method, one of only a few capable of measuring whole dwelling heat loss in situ (the alternative named is the PSTAR method), and it has existed since the 1970s. Practical cautions given: solar radiation absorbed one day may not be re-emitted until the next, and in a very airtight dwelling the ventilation rate can be so low that it takes 2 to 3 days for all the air in the dwelling to be exchanged.

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28. fair RN-DQNN2W

    Leeds Beckett University, Leeds Sustainability Institute (for BEIS)

    Measured comparison of thin internal wall insulation (TIWI) against conventional internal wall insulation on solid brick walls, using coheating tests for the whole-house heat transfer coefficient in W/K plus dynamic simulation for bills. Findings with numbers: TIWI is only 20 to 30 per cent of the thickness of conventional IWI and gives U-values between 0.8 and 1.4 W/m2K on solid brick, yet delivers between 40 and 70 per cent of the fuel bill savings conventional IWI achieves. Diminishing returns are stark: conventional IWI was in some cases four times thicker than TIWI yet gave only 22 per cent more benefit. TIWI can take up to a third less floor area than conventional IWI, and TIWI products needing no decoration were the cheapest to install, though some require multiple visits which raises labour cost. Moisture caution stated plainly: neither IWI nor TIWI removes moisture risk, both can increase condensation risk on adjacent surfaces and in neighbouring homes, and both must be fitted to walls in good repair. Policy context: solid wall insulation appears in only around 7 per cent of ECO retrofits and IWI accounts for less than 1 per cent of ECO measures; the report argues the 0.3 W/m2K target for solid walls deters uptake, noting cavity wall retrofits are allowed 0.55 W/m2K.

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29. fair RN-S600R5

    London Fire Brigade

    Lithium ion battery fire risk in the home, relevant to home battery storage, e-bike charging in a garage or utility room and site tool charging. Batteries present a fire risk when overcharged, short circuited, submerged in water or physically damaged. Practical rules: use the charger supplied with the device, and if replacing it buy a branded genuine product from a trusted supplier because counterfeit chargers often fail UK safety regulations; avoid storing, using or charging at very high or low temperatures; protect cells from crushing, puncture and immersion; do not leave items on charge after the cycle completes, so not overnight; never cover a charger or charging device, including using a laptop power lead in bed; and do not overload sockets. If a battery starts swelling or expanding, stop charging immediately, turn the device off and do not remove the casing or tamper with it.

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30. fair RN-SB31PB

    Loughborough University

    Analysis of existing boiler monitoring data from around 4,600 homes to test how many are heat pump ready without works. Findings: 31 per cent of monitored dwellings could run a low temperature heat pump with no radiator upgrades at all, and around two thirds could take a high temperature heat pump. This directly contradicts earlier government analysis based on building surveys, which concluded that almost all homes would need radiator upgrades. The research argues many existing emitter systems are already fit for purpose, which substantially lowers the predicted cost and disruption of a heat pump retrofit and identifies more precisely which dwellings genuinely need improving first. Led by Dr Stephen Watson at Loughborough's School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering with lead author Laurence Childs of the UCL Energy Institute, published January 2025.

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31. fair RN-DQ8S9B

    MoneyHelper (Money and Pensions Service)

    Four step method for funding a renovation from the government backed money guidance body. Step one: list everything wanted and ask for written quotes rather than estimates, drawing the distinction that a quotation is an agreed fixed price while an estimate is an approximate price that can change; get at least three quotes, compare them in detail, check reviews, and insist on a written costed agreement, with any extra work priced in a written estimate and a revised costed schedule before it is authorised. Step two: pay from savings where possible while keeping a reserve for unexpected costs. Step three: compare the total cost of borrowing over the shortest period, not just the headline rate, and note that a 0% purchase or balance transfer credit card suits small jobs, that tradespeople may not take cards, and that card purchases of parts can attract Section 75 protection. Step four: use the EPC to identify improvements, and check the Warm Homes local grant, the Boiler Upgrade Scheme for heat pumps and biomass, Warmer Homes Scotland (owned or privately rented for at least a year plus qualifying benefits, with an interest free loan alternative), and the Welsh Nest scheme. States that owner occupiers and private tenants with a household income below £23,000 may qualify for grants of up to £7,500, or even £10,000, towards insulation, heating and window glazing.

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32. fair RN-RYFUP3

    National Energy Action

    National Energy Action's free service for householders in England and Wales, covering energy bills, keeping warm and healthy at home, plus benefits advice and income maximisation, and offering advice workshops to householders and training to frontline staff. The helpline is 0800 304 7159, with SignVideo, open Monday to Thursday 10am to 4pm and Friday 10am to 12:30pm, with BSL interpreter routes for both energy and benefits advice.

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33. fair RN-2RGEMP

    NHS

    The clinical authority for what carbon monoxide does and how many alarms a home needs. Lists symptoms as headache, dizziness, nausea or vomiting, weakness, tiredness and confusion, chest and muscle pain, shortness of breath, flushing and loss of vision, and notes the tell-tale pattern that symptoms worsen in an affected room and improve on leaving the building. Names the appliances that can produce carbon monoxide when badly installed, faulty or poorly maintained: gas boilers, gas cookers and clay ovens, gas or paraffin heaters, wood, gas and coal fires and portable generators, plus barbecues or camping stoves used indoors and engines run in a garage. The prevention advice is specific: get a carbon monoxide alarm for each room of the home containing an appliance that burns gas, oil, coal or wood, have appliances properly installed and serviced regularly by a qualified and registered engineer, and keep chimneys and flues clear. Directs readers to call NHS 111 for suspected poisoning and 999 for breathing difficulty, sudden confusion or loss of consciousness.

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34. fair RN-VSZ4J2

    NHS

    Relevant to a property left empty during works or a newly commissioned hot water system. Legionnaires' disease is caught by inhaling tiny water droplets carrying the bacteria, from air conditioning systems, humidifiers, spa pools and hot tubs, and taps and showers that are not used often. It is usually picked up in hotels, hospitals or offices where the bacteria have entered the water supply, and is less commonly caught at home. It is not usually caught by drinking contaminated water, from other people, or from ponds, lakes and rivers. Symptoms include a cough lasting 3 weeks or more; travel and stays in the last 10 days should be reported to a doctor, and antibiotic treatment usually lasts 1 to 3 weeks.

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35. fair RN-E3OXG7

    Northern Gas Networks

    The three reconnection options after a meter move, which decide whether you also need to book your own Gas Safe engineer. Full reconnection: NGN disconnects the meter, moves it and reconnects internal pipework and appliances, available only where no more than 2 metres of internal (copper outlet) pipework is required, and a representative may visit first to confirm. Partial reconnection: NGN moves the meter but does not reconnect internal pipework, which applies where more than 2 metres of internal pipework is needed, and the customer must arrange a Gas Safe registered engineer. No reconnection: NGN moves neither meter nor connections, which applies when changing to or from a semi-concealed meter box or when the customer is arranging reconnection separately; in that case an Ofgem Approved Meter Installer (OAMI) is needed to reconnect the meter to the service pipe. Customers can opt to do their own excavations or install the meter boxes, but that must be done before the planned start date. Connections Team 0800 040 7766 option 2. Annual gas load is calculated as hourly gas load x usage hours per day x usage days per week x usage weeks per year.

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36. fair RN-35PT02

    Northern Gas Networks

    The information the application form actually demands, which is what delays most gas alterations. The applicant must give the distance in metres between the existing and proposed positions, always rounded up to the nearest metre, and an annual gas load estimate calculated as hourly load times hours used per week times number of weeks in the year. The reconnection choice must be made on the form: full reconnection where no more than 2 metres of internal pipework is needed, with NGN disconnecting, moving and reconnecting the meter, pipework and appliances, subject to a possible site visit to confirm; partial reconnection where more than 2 metres of internal pipework is needed, with the customer arranging a Gas Safe registered engineer to reconnect; or no reconnection, which applies when changing to or from a semi-concealed meter box or when arranging reconnection separately, in which case an Ofgem-Approved Meter Installer must be engaged to reconnect the meter to the service pipe and internal pipework, and the gas supplier contacted if the meter itself is changing.

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37. fair RN-HH84ZN

    Northern Gas Networks

    Timescales and the easement trap. After acceptance and payment NGN has up to 20 working days to review the works and contact the customer with a proposed start date. Reinstatement of most surfaces takes up to 5 working days after the pipe work finishes. Where a gas main or pipeline must be laid, a legal easement has to be granted first: the easement strip carries restrictions, and specifically buildings cannot be placed over the strip; the process runs between NGN's solicitors and the customer's, the easement is registrable at the Land Registry, and the legal process takes on average 4 to 8 weeks. Moving the position of a meter or the service pipe is not DIY work; the Connections team handles quotation, design, alteration and reconnection, and a separate advice route exists for diverting a gas main.

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38. fair RN-FAG5UZ

    Northern Powergrid

    When an extension or a new low carbon technology forces a supply change rather than just new circuits. The named triggers for increasing or decreasing capacity or changing the size of the main fuse are adding new rooms, extensions, electric vehicle chargers, heat pumps, or additional appliances. Applications need a site location plan, submitted through the online mapping tool or as an Ordnance Survey or Land Registry plan. Three parties are always involved in moving an electrical service: Northern Powergrid moves the service cable and mains fuse, the electricity supplier moves the meter and must be booked to attend on the day of the works, and a qualified electrician handles anything on the customer's own internal wiring.

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39. fair RN-9T2LVP

    Scottish Water

    SCOTLAND. Plumbing and water fittings in Scotland are governed by the Water Byelaws enforced by Scottish Water, not by the Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999 that apply in England and Wales, so an England-based note on notifiable plumbing work, backflow protection or fittings approval names the wrong instrument for a Scottish job. The page is Scottish Water's entry point for the Water Byelaws that protect water quality and for the separate trade effluent consent system covering waste water discharged to the public sewer by a business.

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40. fair RN-QO0MQN

    SGN (Scotland and Southern Gas Networks)

    SGN publishes standard alteration prices by region, all plus VAT, and lets the customer cut the cost by digging the trench themselves. Scotland: £795 if SGN digs the trenches, £504 if you dig them; refit the meter £103; refit the meter and reconnect the meter outlet pipework £207; lead time normally 6 to 12 weeks after quote acceptance. Southern England inside the M25: £1,007 if SGN digs, £710 if you dig; refit meter £110; refit meter and reconnect outlet pipework £222; lead time 6 to 12 weeks. Southern England outside the M25: £859 if SGN digs, £598 if you dig; refit meter £110; refit and reconnect £222; lead time 10 to 12 weeks. Alterations needing more than 5 metres of pipework are charged extra per metre up to a maximum of 20 metres; beyond 20 metres, or for a flat on the second floor or above, no instant quote is issued and the case is reviewed manually. Excavations in road or pavement are reinstated by SGN's reinstatement team within 5 working days of the job. The land must be owned by the applicant or written landowner permission held, and any planning permission or local authority permit must already be in place.

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