Windows, Doors & Glazing
248 sources in the library on windows, doors & glazing. Each one says what the document covers and what it is good for. Name a source to see which document it is and where to read it. One at a time. Page 4 of 7.
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BSI
BSI's catalogue entry for BS EN 13126-6, the current European standard for testing the durability, strength, security and function of friction stays and other variable geometry stay hinges on windows.
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BSI (British Standards Institution)
The standard the conservation trade works to, and the one a listed-building or period-property note should name. BS 7913 is paywalled, so only the BSI catalogue page is public; it confirms the current edition is BS 7913:2013, published 31 December 2013, status Current, ISBN 978 0 580 75778 5, prepared by BSI committee B/560 and classified under ICS 91.040.99. The catalogue page states this is the SECOND edition, updated to align with current best practice, and that the standard describes best practice in the management and treatment of historic buildings, applying to historic buildings both WITH and WITHOUT statutory protection, which is the point most renovation articles miss when they treat conservation guidance as relevant only to listed buildings. Its named audience includes owners, users, occupiers and managers of historic buildings, architects, engineers, surveyors, building managers, conservators, planners and local authority building control officers. The listed descriptors show its coverage: conservation, legislation, maintenance, fire safety in buildings, costs, hazard prevention, inspection, repair, building maintenance, design, renovation, building specifications, contracts and records.
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BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: WITHDRAWN on 15 December 2021. BS EN 12320:2012 was published 31 October 2012 and specified performance and other requirements for the strength, security, durability and corrosion resistance of mechanical padlocks and padlock fittings for buildings and general use. Its classification is the part a note actually needs: one category of use, two durability categories, six corrosion resistance categories and six security grades, the grades set by performance tests simulating attack, with a limited amount of manual attack testing included because machine testing alone cannot replicate every known attack method. Because it is withdrawn, a note recommending a CEN grade 4 or grade 6 padlock to BS EN 12320:2012 for a shed or bike store is quoting a withdrawn edition and should cite the current one. Catalogue page confirms number, title, publication date, withdrawal date and scope but does not name the replacement.
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BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: WITHDRAWN on 18 December 2024. BS EN 12978:2003+A1:2009 was published 5 June 2003 and specified requirements and test methods for the safety devices that detect a person near an electrically powered door, gate or barrier in commercial, industrial, residential and public settings, applying both to standalone protective devices and to those integrated into a power operated installation, and to rolling shutters and grilles used as personnel access. It defines the sensitive protective device as one that gives a change in the output signal switching device to protect a person at risk during normal operation. Because it is withdrawn, a note stating that an automated driveway gate must have safety edges and photocells to BS EN 12978 should be checked: the gate and door safety family now sits with BS EN 12453 (safety in use of power operated doors) and BS EN 13241, and the withdrawal is recent enough that installers still quote the old number. Catalogue page confirms number, title, publication date, withdrawal date and scope but does not name the replacement.
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BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT. BS EN 13126-1:2022 was published 31 March 2022 and supersedes BS EN 13126-1:2011, which is withdrawn, so a note citing the 2011 part is citing a withdrawn edition. It gives the requirements and test methods common to all types of hardware for windows and door height windows, covering strength, durability, corrosion resistance and safety, and it applies whatever the window frame material. It excludes fusible links, pneumatic and hydraulic operating mechanisms, single axis hinges (BS EN 1935), sliding door hardware (BS EN 1527) and door and window bolts (BS EN 12051). It is part one of a large series whose other parts cover specific hardware: -5 opening restrictors, -6 stay hinges, -8 tilt and turn handles, -13 sash balances, -16 lift and slide, -17 tilt and slide. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status, supersession and scope.
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BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT. BS EN 13126-5:2011+A1:2014 (base edition published 31 December 2011) specifies the requirements and test methods for the durability, strength, security and function of devices that restrict the opening of windows and door height windows, applying to restrictors on tilt and turn, pivot, casement and top hung windows. The classification is the useful part for a note: it separates SAFETY limiting restrictors from CHILD SAFETY limiting restrictors, with distinct requirements aimed at reducing the risk of accidental falls, which is what a note should cite when it says a window above ground floor level needs a child resistant restrictor rather than any restrictor. It applies only where the restriction falls within the specification in Annex A, E or G of EN 1191:2012 for the manufacturer's intended use. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status, the two restrictor categories and scope.
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BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT (marked Under Review). BS EN 14179-1:2016 was published 31 August 2016 and supersedes BS EN 14179-1:2005, which is withdrawn. It specifies the heat soak process system plus the tolerances, flatness, edgework, fragmentation and physical and mechanical characteristics of monolithic flat heat soaked thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass for buildings. Its purpose is the point a note should make: ordinary toughened glass to BS EN 12150-1 carries a residual risk of spontaneous breakage from nickel sulphide inclusions, and the heat soak process to BS EN 14179-1 is what reduces that risk, which is why heat soaked glass is specified for overhead glazing, balustrades and large frameless panes. Curved heat soaked glass is excluded. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status, supersession and scope; the process detail is paywalled.
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BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT (marked Under Review). BS EN 14449:2005 was published 10 February 2006, is identical to EN 14449:2005, ISBN 0 580 46084 3, ICS 81.040.20, committee B/520. It specifies the evaluation of conformity and the factory production control for laminated glass and laminated safety glass used in buildings, including requirements that may be subject to regulation, and it notes that glass products incorporating electrical components may also fall under other directives such as the Low Voltage Directive. It is the conformity companion to the BS EN ISO 12543 series, which sets the product requirements: a note should cite BS EN ISO 12543-2 for what laminated safety glass must achieve and BS EN 14449 for how a manufacturer demonstrates and marks conformity. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status, ISBN, committee and scope.
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BSI (British Standards Institution)
STATUS: CURRENT (marked Under Review). BS EN 204:2016 was published 31 August 2016 and supersedes BS EN 204:2001. It classifies thermoplastic resin based wood adhesives for non structural use into four durability classes, D1 to D4, by the strength of the bond line under specified test conditions, and it applies to adhesives for bonding furniture and interior structures, panelling, doors, windows and stairs made of wood or wood based products. The class is the practical point for a note: D1 is dry interior use only, D2 occasional short term dampness, D3 frequent dampness or exterior sheltered use, D4 frequent severe exposure. It does not cover temperature resistance of the bond line, and it is not a structural adhesive standard (that is BS EN 301 and BS EN 15425). The 2016 revision removed the thick bond line test references and moved assessment to 20 test pieces. Catalogue page confirms number, title, date, status, the D1 to D4 classes and scope.
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BSI Group
What the Kitemark actually certifies, which matters because it is often confused with CE or UKCA marking and with BSI standards themselves. States that Kitemark certification confirms a product or service's claim has been independently and repeatedly tested by experts, so it is third-party certification of continued conformity rather than a manufacturer's own declaration. Records that the mark was originally known as the British Standard Mark and was first registered as a trademark in June 1903, giving it more than 120 years of use. Cites BSI's own consumer research that the Kitemark is recognised by 67 per cent of UK consumers, and that 70 per cent are more confident in products carrying it than in products that do not. Certification spans products, services and processes, including building information modelling and inclusive service certification, and BSI publishes a searchable Kitemark directory and a Verify a Certificate service for checking a specific certificate.
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BSI Knowledge
Published 29 February 2016 and current. The specification for aluminium alloy windows and external pedestrian doorsets, thermally or non-thermally improved, factory fabricated and installed vertically into the external face of a building. It covers hinged windows (side, top and bottom hung and tilt variants), projecting, pivoted, horizontal and vertical sliding, fixed light and louvred windows, and single and double leaf hinged and pivoted, sliding and sliding-folding doorsets with side lights and top lights. Requirements cover constituent materials, glazing, finishes, weather resistance, thermal breaks, durability, conformity evaluation and recycling. Frame members are limited to 3 m for windows and 3.5 m for door leaves, which is the reason very wide aluminium bifold or slider leaves are outside the standard specification and priced as specials.
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BSI Knowledge
Published 1 January 2009 and current. This is the national application document for BS EN 14351, the standard that tells a UK specifier which of the European performance classes actually matter here. It sets performance requirements for manually operated windows and interior and exterior pedestrian doorsets in the finished state, covering operation and strength characteristics, and it absorbed the tests previously required by PAS 23-1 for entrance doorsets with some changes to the acceptable thresholds. Cite it when a note needs to explain why a UK window quote lists classes for operating forces, mechanical strength and repeated opening and closing cycles rather than raw European test numbers.
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BSI Knowledge
Published 31 December 2012 and current. The British Standard a timber window or door should be made to. It specifies the design, construction and performance of fully finished and factory glazed timber windows and external pedestrian doorsets, covering eight window types (hinged, projecting, pivoted, sliding, fixed light, casement, parallel opening and French casement) and five doorset types, for vertical installation within 15 degrees of the external face. Products may carry opaque or non-opaque finishes, or be designed to support an externally fixed covering of another material. Frame members must not exceed 3 m. It does not apply to windows or doorsets supplied as kits for site assembly, to composite doorsets as defined in BS 8529:2010, or to curtain walling spanning structural floor members, although it does cover predominantly timber stile and rail doorsets with replaceable composite panels. Pair with BS 4873 for aluminium and BS 7412 for uPVC when comparing the three frame materials.
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BSI Knowledge
Published 30 April 2024 and current, superseding BS 7412:2007. The UK specification for windows and glazed doorsets made from PVC-U extruded hollow profiles, factory fabricated and installed vertically in the external face of a building, with no frame member exceeding 3 m. It covers design, fabrication and performance including fire, impact resistance, structural integrity, ventilation, energy efficiency, security and accessibility. The 2024 revision widened the standard beyond fusion welded corner joints alone to cover partially welded and mechanically jointed corners, added requirements for thermal inserts, and removed the references to infill panels. This is the standard to cite for what makes a uPVC window a properly made one, alongside BS 644 for timber and BS 4873 for aluminium.
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BSI Knowledge
Published 1 October 2004 and still current. This is the standard the Scottish handbook and English guidance both point to for cleaning windows safely and for restrictors. It gives recommendations on designing, constructing, operating and maintaining windows, including door height windows and roof windows, for the safety of occupants and passers-by, covering safe opening characteristics, the arrangement of window controls, safety restrictors, reach capabilities of the UK adult population (Annex A) and design for safe cleaning and maintenance of external and internal glazing at height, with Clause 8 on cleaning from inside and Annex C3 on mounted window access systems. Guidance on rooflights is excluded. Cite this in a note on window cleaning or on restrictors above ground floor.
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BSI Knowledge
Published 31 December 2015 and current, superseding BS 8213-4:2007. This is the installation code of practice a competent window fitter should be working to. It gives recommendations for surveying and installing non-loadbearing windows and external doorsets of any material, set vertically within 15 degrees into the external face of a building, in both new build and replacement work, covering site survey, fixing positions and methods, sealing and sealants, glazing and general good building practice for satisfactory installation, with material-specific guidance for wood, aluminium and plastics. It excludes loadbearing windows, roof windows and fire door assemblies. Cite this for what a survey before a replacement window order should establish and for why fixings and perimeter sealing, not just the frame, decide whether a window performs.
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BSI Knowledge
The harmonised product standard every replacement window and external door in the UK is CE or UKCA marked against, first published 31 May 2006 and current in the A2:2016 version, marked Under Review. It identifies the material independent performance characteristics, other than fire resistance and smoke control, that must be declared for fixed and manually or power operated windows, roof windows, door height windows, external pedestrian doorsets with flush or panelled leaves, unframed glass doorsets, escape route doorsets and screens for vertical wall installation. It expressly excludes rooflights, curtain walling, industrial doors, internal doorsets, revolving doors and power operated pedestrian doorsets, which is why a rooflight carries a different declaration from a roof window. Cite this for what a Declaration of Performance on a window quote is actually declaring.
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BSI Knowledge
Published 31 May 2011 and current, superseding the withdrawn BS EN 673:1998. This is the calculation method that produces the centre pane U-value quoted in glazing specifications and in the alternative compliance route in Approved Document L. It specifies a calculation method for the thermal transmittance of glazing with flat and parallel surfaces, covering single and multiple glazing, uncoated and coated glass, glass with structured surfaces such as patterned glass, and materials opaque in the far infrared including soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass and glass-ceramic. The definition that matters for a note: the procedure determines the U value in the central area of the glazing, excluding the edge effects of spacers and the window frame and excluding energy transfer from solar radiation. That is why a centre pane figure of 1.2 W/m2K is always better than the whole window figure for the same product, and why the two must never be compared as if they were the same number. It references EN 12898 for emissivity.
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BSI Knowledge
Published 31 March 2020 and current. This is the standard that produces the whole window U-value, Uw, that Approved Document L and the BFRC window energy rating are both built on. It specifies methods for calculating the thermal transmittance of windows and pedestrian doors consisting of glazed or opaque panels fitted in a frame, with and without shutters, covering single and multiple glazing in glass or plastic, with or without low emissivity coatings and with cavities filled with air or other gases, and frames of wood, plastic, metal with and without a thermal barrier, metal with point metallic connections, or any combination of materials. It also accounts for the additional thermal resistance of a closed shutter according to its air permeability, which is the basis for claiming a thermal benefit from shutters or well fitted secondary glazing. Part 2 gives the numerical method for frame profiles and the linear thermal transmittance of the junction between frame and glazing, and BS EN 673 gives the centre pane input.
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Certass
The alternative to FENSA, and worth naming so a reader does not assume FENSA is the only route. Certass has been a government authorised certification body since 2006 and is UKAS accredited. It runs a Competent Persons Scheme letting approved members self-certify window, door and glazing installations instead of notifying Building Control. Membership is £26.95 a month with one scope included and additional scopes at £5 a month, and auditing is risk-based so fewer complaints and better work mean lower audit fees. It also runs Certass TrustMark for workmanship standards, PAS 2030 certification for government-funded schemes, and product certification. Members get free Certass Trade Association membership and a listing in the homeowner directory at certifiedcompetent.co.uk.
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Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
The core CIBSE reference for design criteria and calculation methods, cited whenever a note needs an authority for indoor design temperatures, fabric performance or heat loss and ventilation sizing. Publisher CIBSE, status Active, 402 pages, publication date March 2015 with a 2021 update, ISBN 9781906846541. The text is paywalled at GBP 200 plus VAT standard rate for the book and GBP 150 plus VAT for the download, free to CIBSE members, so only the catalogue page is public. The page confirms the scope: design criteria and calculation methods covering fabric performance, heating and ventilation system sizing, methods for thermal comfort evaluation and energy demand. Two currency notes recorded on the page matter for anyone citing it: Chapter 2 of Guide A supersedes TM34 Weather data with climate change scenarios (2004), and the Guide references BS EN 779:2012 for air filters, which has since been superseded by BS EN ISO 16890. The supplementary data files are downloadable free and include external design data, UK wind roses (Figure 2.8), solar irradiation on inclined planes (Table 2.12), sol-air temperatures (Table 2.14) and UK cooling load tables (Tables 5.16 and 5.17).
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Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
TM59 is the dynamic thermal modelling methodology that Approved Document O Section 2 names as its alternative to the simplified glazing and free-area route, so it is a required citation for any note about overheating. This page is for the 2026 edition, published July 2026, 39 pages, ISBN 9781912034123, and it is FREE to download at both standard and member rate, unusually for CIBSE. The critical compliance point stated on the page: TM59 (2017) is still the version required for compliance with Part O, and CIBSE recommends TM59 (2026) only for industry best practice while it discusses with the Building Safety Regulator how the updated weather files and new version might be incorporated into the Approved Documents. So a note must not tell a reader that the 2026 edition satisfies Part O. The 2026 update adds a new bedroom overheating criterion based on Loughborough University research, updated ceiling fan modelling presenting fans as an effective passive comfort solution, and mandates that all homes be tested under unconstrained conditions using 2050s weather data. TM59 applies to houses, apartments, sheltered accommodation, care homes, student accommodation, prisons and bedrooms in hotels and hospitals, and covers new dwellings and major refurbishments. The page also records that in 2026 the Climate Change Committee raised risks to buildings and communities from heat to its highest category, Critical Action needed.
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FENSA
FENSA's homeowner page on the ventilation rules that changed what a replacement window has to include. It states that the changes to Approved Document F require the majority of replacement windows and doors to be fitted with trickle vents, on the reasoning that adequate ventilation must be provided to prevent excess condensation that could damage the structure. It gives the two commencement dates: 15 June 2022 in England and 23 November 2022 in Wales. It also states the rule installers get wrong, that the date the contract was signed has no bearing on registration and any installation taking place from 15 June 2022 onwards must comply, and notes exemptions for listed buildings and properties in conservation areas. Cite this for the trickle vent question and for the England and Wales date split.
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FENSA Limited
FENSA is a government-authorised scheme that monitors Building Regulations compliance for replacement windows and doors, assessing its approved installers regularly. The legal duty to register a replacement window or door installation with the local council sits with the homeowner; using a FENSA Approved Installer transfers that registration to FENSA, which handles the paperwork and issues the certificate. The FENSA certificate is the document proving the installation meets Building Regulations and has been registered with the council, and it is backed by guarantee insurance. Only FENSA Approved Installers can issue one. This is the source behind the standing advice that a reader should get the certificate at the time of the work rather than hunt for it at sale.
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AECB (Association for Environment Conscious Building)
The AECB retrofit standard page, and a useful source of real certified-project performance figures rather than manufacturer claims. The standard requires all-round insulation, minimised summer overheating, moisture risk addressed at junctions, and a low carbon heating system, with certifiers trained specifically in moisture and other risks and junctions assessed for moisture. The page lists certified projects with their measured or designed outcomes: Ward Grove, a 1983 to 1992 private house completed 2023, external insulation, triple glazed, MVHR heat recovery ventilation, space heating 37 kWh/m2 per year; Foxlow, a 1900 to 1918 private house completed 2023, wood fibre internal wall insulation, triple glazed, MVHR, space heating 32 kWh/m2 per year and airtightness 1.9 m3/m2.hr; and a Wrexham retrofit of a 1960s house, external insulation, triple glazed, MVHR, space heating 30 kWh/m2 per year. These are the numbers to quote when a note needs a realistic UK deep-retrofit space heating figure. The page also confirms the step-by-step route exists for households retrofitting in phases.
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AECB (Association for Environment Conscious Building)
The AECB CarbonLite family, the main UK alternative to Passivhaus for a homeowner who wants a measurable low-energy target rather than minimum Building Regulations compliance. The page names four standards and three supporting guidance documents: CarbonLite New Build for new domestic and non-domestic projects; CarbonLite Retrofit for individual or multifamily homes and non-domestic buildings; CarbonLite Retrofit Step-by-Step, designed principally for retrofitting individual or multifamily homes in stages rather than in one go; and the Water Standard for water efficiency in domestic and non-domestic projects, plus Daylighting design guidance (with an AECB CarbonLite software tool) and Airtightness guidance. Each standard has its own detailed guidance PDF. Two facts worth citing: AECB set up the Passivhaus Trust in 2010, so the two bodies are related rather than rivals, and AECB CarbonLite certified homes qualify for Ecology Building Society C-Change mortgage discounts of up to 1.50 percent off the standard variable rate, applied for the lifetime of the mortgage on completion of the project, which is a rare concrete financial consequence of a voluntary standard.
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Door and Hardware Federation (DHF)
The DHF's list of what actually governs a powered gate, barrier or garage door. A powered gate or barrier is machinery, so the Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 2008, which bring EU Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC into UK criminal law, apply, and the Responsible Person, normally the manufacturer or a party deemed to be the manufacturer, must carry out the conformity assessment, hold the technical file, mark the product and supply user instructions. Also listed: the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992, the Electricity at Work Regulations 1998, the Building Regulations (Part P in England and Wales, sections 4.5, 4.6, 5.6 and 6 in Scotland), BS 7671 for the electrical installation, and DHF's own TS 013:2021 Code of Practice for Automated Gates, Traffic Barriers, Industrial and Garage Doors. Equality Act 2010 duties also apply. Cite this for why an automated gate is a legally different object from a manual one.
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Glass and Glazing Federation
The GGF is the UK industry body for glass and glazing, representing companies across glazing, fenestration and related trades. It runs a Technical Library and Technical Hub with guidance on windows, doors, conservatories and specialist glazing, a searchable directory of member companies, and a Member Complaint Service for disputes with a member firm. It sits alongside and links to FENSA for windows and doors Building Regulations compliance, BFRC for window energy ratings, and RISA certification. Approved Document L names the GGF as the source of the methods for calculating Window Energy Rating and Doorset Energy Rating, which is why this body matters for a note quoting WER bands.
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Passivhaus Trust
The UK body page for the Passivhaus standard, and the right citation for a note explaining low-energy standards above Building Regulations. It confirms EnerPHit is the separate, slightly relaxed Passive House Institute standard for RETROFIT projects, used where existing architecture and conservation constraints make full Passivhaus infeasible, which is the distinction most renovation articles blur. The Trust defines eight Passivhaus principles: the five building principles of insulation, airtightness, ventilation, minimised thermal bridging and high-performance windows, plus three principles of approach, namely detailed performance and comfort criteria, accurate design modelling using the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP), and rigorous quality assurance. It states the UK performance gap between designed and in-use energy conservatively results in a 60% increase in space heating demand in residential buildings, and often considerably more in non-residential, whereas Passivhaus buildings on average perform as designed. On claims: a building may reasonably be called a self-declared Passivhaus provided it satisfies all requirements of the standard, but certification must be by a registered Passivhaus Certifier independent of the design team. Caution when citing numbers: the headline criteria table on this page is published as an image and linked PDF rather than as text, so the numeric targets must be taken from the Passive House Institute criteria document itself.
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Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB)
SPAB's practical repair guidance for box sash windows, the source to cite instead of a joinery firm's sales page. It names the parts and their faults: parting and staff beads guide the sash and cause draughts or rattles when poorly positioned, insufficiently thick or distorted, so repositioning or replacing them is the first fix; sash cords should be assessed by bending them to see whether they snap or are dried out, and replaced with a durable, low stretch natural or synthetic yarn of the right size. It gives a balance figure: weights for upper sashes should be about 0.5 to 0.9 kg lighter than the sash and for lower sashes 0.5 to 0.9 kg heavier. For sticking or jamming sashes it advises against forcing them and instead removing paint build-up, freeing fouled weights, clearing debris from the weight pockets or trimming a warped sash, with beeswax, candle wax or soap along the sash edges to ease movement. Draughts and rattles are cured with replacement beads incorporating seals, cam action catches, or timber or rubber wedges as a temporary measure. It warns against excessively thick paint coats and against getting paint on sash cords, which shortens their life.
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Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB)
SPAB's position on repairing rather than replacing old timber windows: replacement is the last resort and should be like for like in style and materials, since historic windows and their glass are integral to an old building. Decay is concentrated at the bottom of the window as wet rot, and is driven by moisture, so the first step is to eliminate gutter leaks or other causes of damp. Repair methods named are letting in well seasoned matching new timber using traditional joinery such as tenons and pegging, two-pack filler for minor decay, re-gluing and re-wedging loose joints after removing paint or excess build-up, and treating binding windows with an inorganic solvent stripper or careful planing. It confirms that existing timber windows can usually be repaired and, where necessary, upgraded for draught proofing or better security. Cite this against a note that treats a rotten sill as a reason to replace a whole window.
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HomeOwners Alliance
Window replacement process, cost and paperwork. Average price £500 to £3,200 per window depending on type, size and material. Installers usually take a deposit of 10% or 20% on order to buy the products and book the slot. Expect at least 3 to 4 windows fitted per day, longer for timber windows needing priming and painting. Windows fitted more than 10 years ago, even double glazed, are behind current glazing performance. A replacement FENSA or CERTASS certificate can be ordered by postcode from either scheme's website for around £25.
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London Fire Brigade
How to plan escape from a house or converted flat, which bears directly on loft conversion and window specification. The rule is get out, stay out, call 999 as soon as it is safe. The primary route is the normal way in and out; a second route must be planned in case the first is blocked, and windows are named as that alternative. Door and window keys must be kept where everyone can find them, and security gates or shutters must open from the inside without a key. Cites LFB's average response time in 2016/17 of 5 minutes 25 seconds, and that in nearly half of all fire deaths in 2015/16 there was a delay of 10 minutes or more between the fire starting and the Brigade being called. Around 60% of home fires start in the kitchen.
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Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings
Andrew Townsend and Martyn Clarke on repairing rather than replacing wood windows. Argues from durability: many replacement windows fitted in the last 30 years have already decayed beyond repair while original windows from the 18th century and earlier survive. Thousands of repairable wood windows are destroyed each year, degrading the character of old buildings. Covers window types, defects and deterioration, splice repairs, glass, preservatives, pointing and painting. Practical figures include glazing bars often around 50mm wide, bedding in lime mortar or mastic, a linseed oil putty bevel covering about 1mm of the glass, and a burnt sand and quicklime mix in a 1:3 ratio by weight, with haired lime mortar used for bedding.
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UCL Discovery (Botti, University of Surrey and PRP)
Post-occupancy monitoring of a Passivhaus-certified large-scale affordable housing development, comparing measured indoor temperatures in summer 2015 against the overheating risk predicted at design stage with PHPP. The analysis found a high frequency of overheating, diverging significantly from the PHPP estimates. The causes identified were higher internal heat gains from higher occupant density and appliance use than assumed, and in some cases insufficient reliance on natural ventilation to purge excess heat. Because in-use occupancy patterns are hard to predict at design stage, the paper recommends a more robust design strategy with explicit measures to minimise summer overheating and future-proof against a changing climate. Context figure cited: fuel poverty affected 10.6 per cent of English households at the time of the study.
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UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering and UCL Energy Institute
Measured overheating in 122 London dwellings across the summers of 2009 and 2010, with dry bulb temperature and relative humidity logged in the main living and sleeping area at 10 minute intervals and assessed against the ASHRAE Standard 55 adaptive comfort method. Results: in 2009, 29 per cent of living rooms and 31 per cent of bedrooms had more than 1 per cent of summertime occupied hours outside the comfort zone for 90 per cent acceptability; in 2010 that rose to 37 per cent of living rooms and 49 per cent of bedrooms. The conclusion is that London dwellings already face a significant overheating risk under the current climate, before any warming, and that exposure will worsen unless adaptation is built into Building Regulations, design and retrofit. Pathan, Mavrogianni, Summerfield, Oreszczyn and Davies.
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Birtley Lintels (Birtley Group)
CB70 standard duty cavity wall lintel, cavity 70-85 mm, outer leaf 100 mm, inner leaf 100 mm. Explicitly not suitable for point loads or concrete floors. SWL/UDL by length band: 750-1200 mm 15 kN, 108 mm high, 5.8 kg/m; 1350-1500 mm 15 kN, 108 mm, 7.1 kg/m; 1650-2100 mm 20 kN, 143 mm, 8.3 kg/m; 2250-2400 mm 22 kN, 148 mm, 10.1 kg/m; 2550-3000 mm 26 kN, 185 mm, 11.5 kg/m; 3150-3900 mm 26 kN, 201 mm, 14 kg/m. Supergalv coating to EN 1461, high strength structural steel to EN 10025-2, fire tested to BS 476-20:1987. No baseplate and no factory-fitted insulation, which Birtley say reduces thermal bridging.
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Birtley Lintels (Birtley Group)
HD90 heavy duty cavity wall lintel, cavity 90-105 mm, outer leaf 100 mm, inner leaf 100 mm, requiring solid fully jointed blockwork infill to the inner leaf. SWL/UDL by length band: 750-1800 mm 70 kN, 231 mm high, 14.8 kg/m; 1950-2400 mm 60 kN, 231 mm; 2550-2700 mm 60 kN, 232 mm, 17.6 kg/m; 2850-3000 mm 55 kN; 3150-3600 mm 45 kN; 3750-4200 mm 40 kN; 4350-4800 mm 35 kN; 4950-5100 mm 25 kN. Birtley state their standard cavity lintels deliver up to a 55% improvement on the SAP default thermal bridging value.
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Birtley Lintels (Birtley Group)
HDX90 extra heavy duty cavity wall lintel, cavity 90-105 mm, outer leaf 100 mm, inner leaf 100 mm, requiring solid fully jointed blockwork infill to the inner leaf. SWL/UDL by length band: 750-2100 mm 100 kN; 2250-3300 mm 80 kN; 3450-4200 mm 70 kN; 4350-4800 mm 60 kN; 4950-5100 mm 45 kN. Height is a constant 236 mm and weight a constant 23.3 kg/m across the range. Fire tested to BS 476-20:1987.
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Catnic (Tata Steel UK)
CBP150/100 extreme load cavity lintel for a 150-165 mm cavity, inner leaf 100 mm, outer leaf 100-102 mm. Non insulated, structural steel, hot dip galvanised after fabrication. SWL total UDL at a 1:1/3:1 ratio on 150 mm end bearings: 88 kN at 2100 to 2700 mm, 79 kN at 3300 to 3900 mm, 70 kN at 5400 mm and 63 kN at 5750 mm. Constant nominal height 263 mm. Weight 86.94 kg at 2100 mm to 238.05 kg at 5750 mm, which is a two-man or mechanical lift. Lengths in 150 mm increments up to 3000 mm then 300 mm increments. Made in the UK, BES 6001 certified.